Implementation Of Porters Value Chain And Lean Systems

Implementation Of Porters Value Chain And Lean Systems Porters Value chain is a concept that categories the generic value-adding activities of an organisation in to two divisions. One is primary activities that consist of inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing sales and services and secondary activities such as procurement, infrastructure, technological development and human resource. These activities are performed to add value to the product and to obtain a competitive advantage in the industry. Porter (1985 p.11) says that value chain is the internal linkage between primary and supporting activities and external linkage with customers and suppliers. Garment manufacturing is a process of converting the raw materials such as fabric trims into a finished readymade garments. In this fast growing competition and unpredictable economic situation, it is essential for a manufacture to continuously improve the quality, timely delivery and competitive price to sustain it market place. Mannan and Ferdousi (2007, p.2) believes that nowadays the key to competing in the international market place is to simultaneously improve both quality and productivity on continual basis. In todays competitive and concurrently changing business world, lean production has brought a lot of changes in the management practices to improve organisational effectiveness and customer satisfaction and ensures sustainability (Karim, 2008). Nowadays customers have more opportunities to choose so they expect more competitive price with better quality and less lead-time. A study by Sohal (1996, p.91) indicates that most western manufactures have been aware of the need to improve their performance and competitiveness for nearly two decades and they were using lean production system to take advantage. The main reason for adopting lean system is to reduce production resource requirement and cost, increasing customer responsiveness and to improve quality these all lead to gain a competitive advantage and long-term sustainability. Papadopoulou and Ozbayrak (2005) states that lean philosophy spread to Japanese factories after it was successfully implemented in the Toyoto motor company, then most of the developed and developing countries are reaping several benifits from the lean practice, but in Bangladesh the adoption of lean system is very slow. Nowadays many countries in the world have identified the essence of lean system and started implementing lean tools in their garment manufacturing process and observed incredible improvement (Mazany, 1995 and Bruce et. al, 2004). As Mamun and Afrin (2001) argues that the few firms that have adopted lean practice have experienced an overall improvement in the corporate performance. In this report we are going to implement lean system in a Bangladesh based garment export house to obtain competitive advantage in this highly influential global market and in a view to obtain long-term sustainability in concern with corporate social responsibility. Exim Exports and its Value Chain Exim Exports is an ISO 9001:2000 company that manufactures and exports knitted garments to overseas buyers. It is based on Dhaka, Bangladesh. The main process of Exim Exports is to purchase yarn and knit it into fabric through it suppliers and dye or print the fabrics and cut, sew and finish into readymade garments. It produces casual T-shirts for reputed brands such as Calvin Klein, SF, Nike, TopShop and River Island etc. These buyers are very concern about quality and timely delivery. Using Porters Value chain model an activity analysis is been conducted below. Activity analysis Activity analysis identifies the step by step process that a company perform to satisfy its customers. It also involves how the company recruit people with the skills to give the best service, how the company motivates the employees and it steam to perform at optimum level, how the company keeps up to date with the latest technology, how the company choose and develop technologies that give cutting edge, how the company gets feedback from its customers and how it is going to improve further. Porter (1985. p12) has split the organisational activities into primary and support activities. Fig .1. Exim Exports Value chain Primary Activities in Exim Exports value chain Inbound logistics Transportation for raw materials from supplier to factory i.e. Yarn purchasing. Store department handle these operations by purchasing the yarn from suppliers and transporting to knitters. Then the knitted fabric should be moved to knitting to dyeing or printing. These operations could be followed by several supervisors. Operations Knitting, Dyeing or Printing, Cutting, Stitching, Finishing and Packing are the major operations. Knitting and Dyeing will be done outside the factory however the productions department, procurement and merchandising departments will be involved in this process. Outbound logistics Transportation for goods to deliver to customers agents, export documentation and accounts departments will be involved in this. Marketing and sales Merchandising team performs the marketing activities. Merchandising team is the communication platform between buyer and the factory in to get orders, sample approvals, fabric approvals and production approvals. Costing and order confirmations will be done my merchandising department. Service The goods are dually checked by the Exim Exports QA team and customer QAs to ensure the goods are as per customers requirement. However, in case of any customer compliance after selling the goods Exim Exports always work with the buyer to rectify the problems and will make sure to improve the discrepancies in future. Supporting activities in Exim Exports value chain Infrastructure Functional teams, organisational culture and resource are the main infrastructure that supports the core activities. Financial resource and other in-tangible assets of the company that add value to the product are into infrastructure. Human resource management Human resource handles all the general activities such as recruiting, hiring, training, compensating and dismissal of employees. Human resource department takes responsibility to maintain the whole production plant, machineries and adequate supply for required resource to the company. It also motivates the employees through incentives and other motivational aspects. Technological development The Company enjoys latest machineries and equipments that enable its production process. It invests more in the technological development according to latest advancement to obtain competitive edge. Procurement Purchasing or raw materials such as Yarn and Trims is been handled by an experienced team that could bargain with suppliers and profit the company. The team has good technical skills to save money through technical aspects. It ensures the quality of material is as per requirement. Fig . 2. Value chain analysis 1. Use of lean production in Exim Exports Exim Exports need changes in three major areas to improve its quality of product, timely delivery and to reduce wastages. First of all, at the area of Procurement Exim Exports enjoys an experienced team which is technically strong and has a good bargaining power with their suppliers and it can assure the quality of material that it purchase will be up to mark. However in this competitive economy it is necessary for the company to improve its communication with the production team to enable Pull Production to reduce wastage of time, money and resource. Poor communication between Fabric store and Production department leads to purchasing of fabric before requirement that to be stored as inventories or delay in fabric purchasing according to productions requirement that leads to waiting time delay in production cutting and stitching. According to the above needed changes to add value to the activities. It is necessary to implement lean system into this organisation to gain competitive advantage and sustainability. Mercado (2007) said that Under this highly competitive environment, garment industry has numerous opportunities for improvement through lean principles. To obtain a competitive advantage in this economy it is necessary to improve the quality, timely delivery and cost effective production. This could be achieved by using lean production tools. Empirical evidence shows that after implementing lean production in their organisation the companies identified variety of changes that took place within their organisation such as cultural change, education of workers and suppliers, empowerment of employees, relationship with suppliers, rearranging the manufacturing process and commitment to top level managers said Ferdousi and Ahmed (2009. p 110). 2.1 Value analysis and changes needed in Exim Exports value chain There are some main activities that should be concentrated to improve the performance of Exim Exports. They are, Procurement: Purchasing of yarn and trims, Procurement / Operations: Staking of fabrics and trims and movement of material between every process, Operations: Cutting, Finishing and Packing. Procurement The communication between the procurement team, production department and suppliers are not up to mark that leads to delay in materials or early purchasing of materials that should be stored as inventories. Inventory occupies the space and high inventory leads to wastage of money according to Time Value Money concept. So this is to be eliminated to improve the performance of Exim Export. Procurement / Operations Staking of fabric and trims are no up to mark. It leads to delay in organising materials while production starts. Poor staking also occupies more space and causes shortage of space for future materials. Movement of materials should be improved by reducing non-value adding movements and enhancing better material handling. Non-value adding motions are considered as waste which is to be eliminated. Operations Exim Exports enjoys skilled tailors and experienced supervisors and line managers. It dose have a good production planning team and effective execution. However the workers arent trained for multi tasking that leads to under utilization of employees which is again considered as waste. The supply chain between Cutting, Stitching, Finishing and Packing should be improved to avoid inventories and delays that lead to wastage of time and manpower. Employees should be motivated to improve the efficiency. Better quality management approach is needed. 2.2 Recommendations to eliminate waste in the value chain of Exim Exports According to the above identifications and lecturer overview about the empirical evidence of benefits of lean system in garment manufacturing industry, it is recommended to introduce lean production system in this organisation. In the area of procurement it is essential to implement JIT system to eliminate wastage of time and inventories. 5S model can be implemented in staking materials and movement of materials in between departments. This could lead to reduction of non-value adding movements and increases the efficiency in pulling back materials from stored area. It is also recommended to implement Kanban in the production process (from cutting to packing) that could eliminate under utilization of employees and reduce wastage and delays. Exim Exports could develop Kaizen throughout the process for continuous improvement in all areas i.e. improvement in quality, improvement in efficiency and work flow, improvement in reducing wastage etc Introducing JIT in Procurement to enhance communication between Procurement team, Production and Suppliers Procurement team should not purchase the materials according to their own plan or feasibility. It is recommended to communicate with the production department i.e. cutting and plan to purchase materials according to their requirement. Early purchase lead to raising inventory level and late purchase lead to increase in waiting time. Cutting department will send signals to the procurement about the requirement of raw materials for the future production. So that stores could communicate with the suppliers and purchase the materials according to the current requirement. JIT enables good relationship with the suppliers that create flexibility. Introducing 5S Model in staking areas of Exim Exports to enhance efficiency in the work place 5S stands for Sort, Set in order, Shine, Standardize and Sustain. It is the principle of improving safety, efficiency and employee morale by deciding what should be kept, where should be kept and how it should be kept that enables easy flow of materials and reduces bottle necks (Ferdousi and Ahmed, 2009). 5S should be implemented in the stores, cutting, stitching, finishing and packing areas wherever the materials are to be staked. 5S enables smooth flow of materials and it keeps the place neat and tidy. Standardized staking method enables employees to identify the right product on time and it eliminates the delay in searching. Introducing Kanban system of supply chain in Cutting, Stitching, Finishing and Packing departments Kanban system will enable an effective material supply between and within production units. Kanban enables multi tasking, so that a single operator can handle multiple operations. Human resource department will support in training and development of employees to ensure the workers are skilled enough to do multi tasking. Lakshmi (2009) says that Kanban uses a specific work space between operations to balance supply chain with demand. The space holds limited number of completed components in queue for next operation. If the space if full then there is no need to produce more, so that the operator can assist with other operations that may be slow. This resembles the pull production method with some buffers for next operation. It reduces over production wastage and increases employee motivation. Introducing Kaizen as a continuous improvement tool in Exim Exports value chain Kaizen is a continuous improvement tool. That can be used in all primary and supporting activities to maintain the standard and increase competitiveness sustainability. This can achieve by monitoring the progress of the current system and identifying the gap to improve the system. Kaizen deals with customer complaints and feedbacks that could enable continuous improvement in process. 3. Impact of above recommendations on the organisations resources and how above recommendations will ensure increased competitiveness, Long term sustainability and corporate social responsibility The above recommendations enable the company to eliminate wastages such as inventories, under utilization of employees, avoids wastage due to mistakes and uncertainties, delay in production, quality issues etc. These improvements have a direct impact of the companys resources. Inventories comprises of investment, storage cost and obsolescence. Carrying excess inventories may signal a lack of coordination and collaboration among supply chain partners as well as a lack of flexibility and agility to adjust to sudden demand shifts. This can result in increasing uncertainty about future earnings and their growth prospects, thereby negatively affecting the reputation of the firm and its market value (Singhal, 2005). Inman and Mehra (1993) identified that JIT adoption is correlated with the future financial success of the firm. Thus, if JIT adoption is viewed as beneficial capital expenditure, it will result in increased market prices. Kanban increases the flexibility of utilizing operators, reduce wastage due to over production, and reduce absenteeism and increases empowerment of employees thus leads to maximum utilization of companys resources. 5S model reduces the mistakes occur in production process such as wrong fabric cutting, reduces repetitive motion aliments that impacts the resource of the company (Lakshmi, 2009). Kaizen a continuous improvement tool increases the efficiency and reduces wastage that has a direct impact on companys resource. A case study by EPA (2003) indicates that the lean system enables reduction in resource requirement and cost of capital, increases customer responsiveness and improving product quality that boots the overall company profits and competitiveness. According to Yeung and Chan (1999, p.756) Manufactures are nowadays facing intensive global competition, they are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of modern management philosophy in providing with a competitive advantage in a free market system. Lean production and lean tools are the solution for achieving competitive advantage in this market place. The above recommended tools will enable the reduction in resource requirements and cost of capital by improving the utilization of employees, reduction of wastages, reduction of delays and avoiding mistakes that leads to loss of resource. It also ensures customer satisfaction by timely delivery and improved quality. Kaizen ensures the company is achieving competitive advantage against its competitors. Thus improved quality, reduced process cycle time, cut production cost and likely to improve delivery performance lead to customer satisfaction and sustainability. Lean systems have long realized the return from an engaged, well-trained, innovative workforce. By coordinating diverse production stages and management systems into a successful, enthusiastic, corporate culture, the vision and discipline of Lean-embracing executives transfer perfectly in Green transition. Lean provides a two-way channel, from the top down and then back up again, that fast tracks transition and reflects the foundational flow underlying Lean systems. Reduction of wastages enables a company to utilize the natural resources in the right way and making quality products increases the durability of the product which is one of the most important social responsibilities of the company. Corporations should take responsibility in reducing wastages of resources and should manufacture durable products that lead to less manufacturing and less pollution where lean system enables the same. 4. 1. Value stream mapping the framework to identify the types of wastages in both primary and support process Value stream mapping is a framework that could be used by the line-managers to identify the types of wastages in a value chain. The goal of value stream mapping is to identify, demonstrate and decrease the waste (Shingo, n.d). Value chain mapping identifies the non value adding activities in a process and eliminates wastage due to non-value adding activities. It focuses on visual maps the flow of materials and information from the time products come in the back door as a raw material through all manufacturing raw materials. In this frame work, the line-manager could be able to track the process flow and value addition to the product in every activity. Whenever a non value adding activity is identified then it is called as waste. Fig. 4. 1. Value stream mapping to identify the type of wastage Value-adding steps are drawn across the centre of the map and the non-value-adding steps be represented in vertical lines at right angles to the value stream. Thus the activities become easily separated into the value stream which is the focus of one type of attention and the waste steps another type. 4. 2. Identify the danger signals for each waste Upon the value stream mapping there are targets for a particular waste. If the actual figure exceeds the target a danger signal will be created. The danger signals of each waste can be identified by comparing the actual results with the targets. Using time study lead time of each and every process will be calculated and stored as a database. When the production starts the line manager could track the operations using the value stream mapping. Whenever the actual production status goes beyond the target a danger signal will be created. So that the manager could concentrate upon the particular operation where there is a need for improvement. There are lean tools such as Jidoka can be used to identify the danger signal. Whenever the quality turns out of control or wastage exceed the allowance a danger signal will be created that makes aware of the line manager. 4. 3. Framework that assists to respond to the danger signals Response to danger signals should be systematically handled. Once the manager noticed a danger signal, the manager should closely analysis and identifies the cause of wastage. Manager should ask themselves a few questions as a check list to ensure they are taking right decisions. First of all the manager should identify where the problem is? How the problem is been created? What is the impact of the problem in the value chain? Does it make economical sense to take a decision upon it? If the managers get answers for these questions then they could proceed with taking decisions. Then using Kaizen as a framework manager should take an appropriate solution to solve the current issue and ensures the system in running as per scheduled. Continuous improvement strategy should be taken in consideration before taking any decision. While taking decision the manager should consider about the current strategy that the company is pursuing. Conclusion While comparing and contradicting the Exim Exports value chain analysis and lecture review upon the current market situation and benefits of lean production in enhancing performance in the current market place it is recommended to implement Lean system in Exim Exports Value chain. JIT in Procurement enables a communication platform between stores, production and suppliers that lead to smooth flow of materials, without ant bottlenecks. Kanban in cutting, stitching, finishing and packing where an effective supply chain that enables pull production and reduces inventory. It is also recommended to implement 5S in the area of staking materials and kept ready to issue. So Based on the above analysis and discussion it is recommended that implementation of Lean system in Exim Exports Value chain will give overall profit to the organisation.

Black Like Me †Book Report Essay

For the book report, I read the book Black Like Me by John Howard Griffin. The story takes place in 1959 and revolves around a white man who decides to go to the Deep South undercover as a black man to try to understand what really goes on there. This man, John Griffin, documented his journey from beginning to end in order to make an effort to end racial segregation. For seven weeks, he lived and experienced the horrors that a black man lived every day during that time. He quickly learned that he no longer had the same privileges as he did as a white man. He could no longer go into any store he wanted and had to walk miles before finding someone who would let him buy a glass of water or to use the bathroom. Reading this book, my eyes were opened to all the disadvantages the black man faced that I always heard about in school, but never really understood. John Griffin moved away from his home and family in Mansfield, Texas to New Orleans, Louisiana to conduct his research. His motivation was for racial justice and for his frustration of not understanding the black experience. At this time, no black man in his right mind would tell a white man how horrible life was for him. Since Griffin was a white man, interviewing blacks would not give him a true picture of their life. He decides to go with the only way he will truly find out what it’s like to be a black in the South; to change the color of his skin. He went through different medical treatments to accomplish this. To change his skin color from white to black, he took pills to darken his skin, and also used skin dyes. He then could easily pass through New Orleans’ streets as a ‘Negro’. He befriended a shoeshine who had been shining his exact same shoes when he was a white man. The shoeshine is delighted with Griffin’s project and opens the life of a black man up to him. The shoeshine taught him how to act, talk, and everything else that he needed to know. Going into this study, Griffin, knew he would run into prejudice, oppression, and many hardships, but he did not truly know how bad it was until now. He was no longer allowed to use any bathroom he pleased. Sometimes he would have to walk all the way across town, even when there was a bathroom right by him, because he could not use a white man’s facilities. Throughout his experience as a black man he deals with insults and struggles on a daily basis. After being in New Orleans for a while, he decides to go to the heart of Mississippi where racial prejudice is even worse for blacks. Griffin notices that the black communities there seemed to have given up hope of ever being equal, and he begins to notice the same look across his own face. The whites were the main contributors to this loss of hope. For example, when he was riding the bus into Mississippi they took a ten minute bathroom break. The bus driver refused to let the black passengers off because he did not want to have to go â€Å"round them up† when they left. After witnessing this sense of defeat in Mississippi and how terrible the whites were, he decides to venture to Montgomery, Alabama where he is shocked at what he finds. In Montgomery, the black community is recharged with determination. They practice passive resistance against the racist laws and rules set against them. They are filled with hope and the words of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.  They are not afraid to go to jail or face the other consequences that may lie ahead. After seeing this, he begins to switch back and forth between being a black man and then a white man the very next day. He visits the very same places as a white man and is treated with the greatest respect, while as a black man he was treated with fear and suspicion. He was able to go into the restaurants where blacks were not even allowed to stop to look at the menu. Switching between black and white opened his eyes to how society treated blacks and whites at the time. One day he was a disgrace and the next he was treated like a king. After this long trip, he decided to let his skin fully return white and go back home. After looking over his information and organizing it he decides it is finally time for the public to know the truth. He then publishes his findings and goes on television for interviews. He is asked to speak on many shows. Many people support him and his findings, but the people in his home town do not offer much support. People in his town begin to turn on him and threaten his life and the lives of his family members. He asks the police to watch his house so his family is not harmed. It gets so bad that they have to leave for a while. When they come back, nothing has changed. Someone in town hangs a dummy of him on Main Street. The dummy is half black and half white and there was a sign on it that read â€Å"John Griffin†. He decided to move his family away once and for all to prevent anyone from getting hurt. This story gave me an inside look of what it was like to be both a black and a white person during 1959 in the south. I was unable to put the book down because I was so intrigued. I have never heard the black person’s view to racial prejudice before. This story took my breath away. My favorite part of this book is when John Griffin (1960) describes how you are treated based on your skin color. I was the same man, whether white or black. Yet when I was white, I received the brotherly-love smiles and the privileges from whites and the hate stares or obsequiousness from the Negroes. And when I was a Negro, the whites judged me fit for the junk heap, while the Negroes treated me with great warmth. (p. 126) I am shocked from what I read in this book. The author was treated completely different as a white man than he was as a black man. When he was a white man, he receives respect and courtesy from the other whites, but suspicion and fear from the blacks. When he was a black man, he receives hatred and hostility from the whites, but warmth and generosity from his fellow blacks. It surprised me that you could sense these distinct feelings toward him while reading. It was almost like I was living it myself. It is crazy how cold-hearted some of the white people acted towards him. Some had sympathy in their eyes, but others were set to make his life horrible. This book just goes to show you how truly bad it was for the blacks during segregation. It is proof of it, and the stories of John Griffin are more realistic than any told or documented before. Black Like Me was not made up to sympathize the blacks or as an overreaction. It’s the truth that Griffin personally witnessed and lived. The whites dehumanized the blacks and treated them like savages. Towards the end of the book he was walking down a highway for miles hoping someone would pick him up. During the day, not a single white person would pick him up. This all changed during the night. That night, he always had a ride. He realized after a while, that the whites only picked him up to hear about the black man’s sex life. This disgusts me. These men were asking him repulsive questions, and if he did not give him a sufficient answer, he would be kicked out of the vehicle. The questions that they were asking him would never be asked to his friends. This part of the book illustrates how the whites did not care for the black man’s pride and instead wanted to dehumanize him. Reading this book, Black Like Me, opened my eyes to the terrors that the black people faced in the South during 1959. I also gain an understanding of how whites were treated in comparison to blacks. John Griffin was very brave for taking on this project and publishing his findings. This must have taken a lot of courage, but his work helped many people. Without this inside look at the treatment of blacks in the South, we might never have known how truly horrible it was. Yes, there are other stories, but this is a full account of one man’s journey in and out of the heart of segregation.

Essay on Zero Tolerance in Schools - 987 Words

Contemporary Issue Paper Zero tolerance has become the latest contemporary educational issue for the Christian school leader. Zero tolerance policies mandate predetermined consequences for specific offenses. According to a government study, more than three quarters of all U.S. schools reported having zero tolerance policies (Holloway, 2002). Systematic guidelines of enforcing zero tolerance require educational leaders to impose a predetermined punishment, regardless of individual culpability or extenuating circumstances (Gorman Pauken, 2003). Ethical decision making and the opportunity to apply Biblical principles have taken a back seat to reactive discipline by school leaders. Societal expectations have forced proactive educational†¦show more content†¦School violence has become of the most pressing educational problems in the United States. Gang violence and high profile shootings across the nation cause concern within schools. Communities struggle to understand why these events take place a nd how they can be prevented. The overwhelming response to solve the issue of violence in schools is the increasing societal pressure to execute zero tolerance. Zero tolerance is driven by the educational philosophy, policies, and practices of school communities. Stakeholders expect schools to be a safe place for staff and for students. Stakeholders assume that a positive classroom environment, safe students, and school enjoyment are conditions necessary to create a positive climate where learning takes place. This assumption can be backed with research. A calm classroom environment, teachers’ management of disruptive behavior, and students’ view of school safety are factors that have been found to directly correlate with student achievement in the classroom (Ma Willms, 2004). Safety and a feeling of not being threatened during school hours have been found to be important to students’ achievement. Failure to remove a disruptive or an unruly student from school has been found to have a negative impact on achievement and creates a great risk to school staff and students (Garbarino et al., 1992). Teachers cannot teach and students cannot learn in anShow MoreRelatedZero Tolerance In Schools1295 Words   |  6 Pagesrealize what children in the middle and high school level go through on a daily basis while in school. According to the National Center for Educational Statistics, 2016 more than one out of every five students report being bullied at school. An intimidating physical threat at times involving aggression towards another, actions including hitting, pushing, punching, threatening, and teasing – bullying. One way to reduce bullying would be zero tolerance. This is a policy of not allowing any violationsRead MoreThe Zero Tolerance School Policies856 Words   |  4 Pagescontributed so much on the topic â€Å"zero tolerance school policies†. There are some important key concepts from the course that connect with my project that I will be discussing. I will also be talking about what it takes to be an ally and why we chose our ally. Considering a critical social theory lens is very important as well and I will be discussing this too. I learned so much from working on this project. To begin, I learned the history behind why zero tolerance school policies exist. These strictRead MoreZero Tolerance And Its Effects On School Safety Essay1846 Words   |  8 PagesZERO TOLERANCE There are hundreds if not thousands of students in any given school. The sheer size and magnitude of the student population encompassed in these schools leads to complications of school safety. Zero tolerance is a policy which was brought about enforcing school safety more firmly, and aimed to better protect students. However, the way in which these students are protected is highly debatable, making the zero tolerance ideology very controversial. Exactly which approach is most effectiveRead MoreZero Tolerance Policies And School Discipline10009 Words   |  41 Pagesthat funnels millions of students from school into the juvenile justice system (Robinson, 2013). This dilemma, known as the school-to-prison pipeline is garnering much attention in Virginia due to the states continued issues in overcoming the phenomenon. This study explores zero tolerance policies and school discipline to better understand its effect in to bring awareness to an issue that may help in dismantling this pipeline. Particularly looking at those school divisions within Virginia that haveRead MoreZero Tolerance And Its Contribution On The School And Prison Pipeline1446 Words   |  6 PagesZero Tolerance and its Contribution to the School-to-Prison Pipeline A trend has developed in our society in recent decades. This concerning trend shows that African American youth are finding their way into the criminal justice system at a much higher rate than their peers. This trend starts in schools where students as young as fifth graders are being suspended from school for minor issues. Police officers are being used more and more to handle situations in the schools rather than teachers. DoesRead MoreZero Tolerance Policies in American Schools Essay874 Words   |  4 PagesIn all grades of education, from kindergarten to college, there is a form of discipline known as a zero tolerance policy. While the exact wording is different from school to school, basically a zero tolerance policy means that a student is immediately suspended, asked to attend an alternative school, or expelled if they are suspected or caught doing certain things. These policies are in place to hopefully deter students from doing drugs or being violent, but the ethics behind them are questionableRead MoreUse and Application of the Zero Tolerance Policy in American Schools1773 Words   |  8 Pages In an effort to maintain peace, safety and a disciplined environment conducive to effective teaching and learning, many schools have adopted the zero tolerance policy. This philosophy was originally created in the 1990’s as an approach towards drug enforcement to address the rampant use, possession and sales of drugs in schools (Jones, 2013). Today, this policy is used to mandate the application of pre-determined consequences of violation of stated rules. These rules may pertain to a number of issues;Read MoreSchools Should Eliminate the Use of Zero-Tolerance Policies Essay969 Words   |  4 Pages The public schools of the United States, despite their proud past, are currently experiencing many difficulties. They seem to be under constant scrutiny and pressure to produce higher academic achievement and at the same time are being criticized by large segments of society. It is no secret that the environment which students experience in the public schools has changed greatly over the past twenty to thirty years, but there are many possible reasons for this; most of these explanations do notRead MoreZero Tolerance Unfairly Targets Minority Middle School Students1243 Words   |  5 PagesProblem Statement The problem for which resolution would be sought is that zero tolerance unfairly targets minority middle school students. Because of this policy, minority students have shown the tendency to be academically unsuccessful and are more prone to engage in misbehaviors that could lead to suspension or expulsion from school. It is for the sake of all of the children in American school districts that administrators, educators, and parents work together in order to determine the exact causeRead MoreCriminalization at School: Zero-Tolerance Discipline Policies Might Be Damaging to Students1309 Words   |  6 Pagesindefinite suspension with a recommendation for expulsion because his school administrators believed he flashed a gang sign although he was simply putting up three fingers to represent his football jersey number. (NPR Isensee, 2014). This kind of criminalization of young people contributes to suspension, dropout, and incarceration, and too often pushes students into what is refer red to by many education scholars and activists as the â€Å"school-to-prison pipeline,† a term that refers to â€Å"the policies and practices

French Expressions - Mood and Health

Learn some French expressions related to mood and health, both good and bad. English French Literal translation Did you get up on the wrong side of the bed? Tu tes lev du pied gauche? Did you get up on your left foot? Dont sulk! Ne fais pa la tte ! Dont do/make the head! Get well soon. Remets-toi vite. Get better quickly. Hes hard of hearing. Il est dur doreille. Hes uncomfortable. Il nest pas bien dans sa peau. Hes not good in his skin. Hes in a very good mood. Il est de trs bon humeur. Hes of very good mood. I burst out laughing. Jai clat de rire. I burst to laugh. I cant seem to wake up. Je narrive pas me rveiller. Im not managing to wake up I dont feel well. Je ne suis pas en forme. Im not in shape I feel great! Jai la frite !Jai la patate ! I have the French fry!I have the potato! Im all choked up. Jai la gorge serre. My throat is tight. Im bathed in sweat. Je suis en nage. Im swimming. Im beat! Je suis crev!Je suis bout de force! Im burst!Im at the end of force! Im bored to death. Je mennuie mourir Im bored to dying. Im out of breath. Je suis hors dhaleine. I was ready to drop. Les jambes mentraient dans le corps. My legs were going into my body. My head is spinning. Jai la tte qui tourne. I have the head that spins. You look well. Tu as bonne mine. You have good look. Youre soaked to the skin! Tu es tremp comme une soupe!Tu es tremp jusquaux os! Youre soaked like a soup!Youre soaked to the bones!

Conflict Resolution as Per Dewey - 1014 Words

Throughout one s life, one establishes many relationships. Some are built upon, and become strong and unshakable, some are broken and left to dissolve. While some are paved slowly and with love, blossoming to become something wonderful, others are blown apart - the pieces scattered, never to be put back together again. Though these relationships vary, from professional to personal, they are all prone to encountering some form of conflict. John Dewey has designed a problem solving sequence with 6 (six) steps, listed and explained below, to facilitate resolution of these conflicts. Since the way one deals with conflict within the relationship will affect how the relationship progresses, it is vital that one posse all the necessary†¦show more content†¦A decision can also be reached through the process of majority rules. Though this process is a fairer one it must be performed by a small group, and not two individuals. Since George and Max are co-owners, and there is no leader among them, they will be using the consensus method for their decision making. In this type of method, a unanimous decision must be reached, therefor all parties must be in agreement. George and Max have decided to combine the student special with the music nights. This causes little change in their budgets and satisfies their criteria for evaluating solutions. 6. Test selected solutions. After a solution has been identified and selected, a test should be made to ensure it s effectiveness. This can be done through polling, analyzing, and other methods of collecting data. George and Max will try their solutions for two weeks and observe the if there is an increase in their sales by comparing the totals of the two weeks to the two previous weeks. They have also chosen to advertise using homemade signs in the windows. As with every change, there is a trail-and-error period where things are revised and new circumstances may render the old decision obsolete. These steps are to be followed in an orderly fashion, but this does not mean that they can not be returned to. If, after completing a step, the desired result is not obtained, one can always go back to any previous step they wish and start fromShow MoreRelatedHow The Superintendents Leadership Program Transformed Me As A Leader? Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagesgraduates’ practices† as published in Journal of Educational Administration, p 489) defined reflective thought as â€Å"an active response to the challenge of the environment.† Before I thought that experience is the best teacher per se, but I now realized as I came across Dewey (1910 as cited in the previous article, p 489), authentic learning only occurs when human beings focus their attention, energies, and abilities on solving genuine dilemmas and complexities- and when human beings reflect on theirRead More Intellectual Freedom Essay2055 Words   |  9 Pagesalways the case in the United States. In the 19th and much of the 20th centuries, librarians felt it their duty to restrict access to library materials to children and adults. Librarians were admonished to obtain only the most wholesome materials. As Dewey (1876) noted, only the best books on the best subjects were to be collected, and there was considerable debate as to whether patrons should be exposed to such works as romances (Rubin 152-53). Librarians were expected to endorse and indeed censorRead MoreHow The Superintendents Leadership Program Transformed Me As A Leader?3557 Words   |  15 Pagesgraduates’ practices† as published in Journal of Educational Administration, p 489) defined reflective thought as â€Å"an active response to the challenge of the environment.† Before I thought that experience is the best teacher per se, but I now realized as I came a cross Dewey (1910 as cited in the previous article, p 489), authentic learning only occurs when human beings focus their attention, energies, and abilities on solving genuine dilemmas and complexities- and when human beings reflect on theirRead MoreSociology and Group41984 Words   |  168 Pagesround. . In group dialectic terms, effective groups balance structure and a. heterogeneity. b. disengagement. c. spontaneity. d. engagement. e. individual goals. Answer: c. spontaneity. . In dialectic terms, effective groups balance conflict with a. conformity. b. cohesion. c. structure. d. closed systems. e. social dimensions. Answer: b. cohesion. . In dialectic terms, effective groups balance task dimensions with a. conformity dimensions. b. cohesion dimensions. c. structureRead MorePatchwork Essay on leading and management in nursing5444 Words   |  22 Pagescreative strategies for the future development of yourself and the practice of others. (30%) Overall comment (referring also to the grade related criteria): MARK SANCTIONS (see page 5 for details) Sanction Awarded Late submission per day for 4 days (-5 marks) Exceeding the word limit will incur the following sanctions: 0-10% over word limit – no sanction 11-20% - minus 5 marks 21-40% - minus 10 marks 41-60% - minus 20 marks Over 60% - to be resubmitted Word count inaccurate orRead MoreReflective Account of ....10187 Words   |  41 Pagesthink something and then plan how to reduce wound infection from T S procedure. Although I know there may be a conflict, but with a collaboration conflict resolution win win situation could be achieve. Crushnie (1988) emphasizes conflict can presently in variable features; it can be existing within the person, between persons to persons and persons within the group. In ED intragroup conflict is a challenge to me. Walkington (2005), reflective practice can demonstrate the skills of critical questioningRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages. . . 375 The Grapevine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Managing by Walking Around . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Results of Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 Managing Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 17—Participative ManagementRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 PagesWhitehead, this philosophy ‘rejects the doctrine that students had ï ¬ rst learned passively, and then, having learned should apply knowledge’.3 In contrast to this philosophy, the case analysis method is based on principles that were elaborated upon by John Dewey: Only by wrestling with the conditions of this problem at hand, seeking and ï ¬ nding his own way out, does [the student] think . . . If he cannot devise his own solution (not, of course, in isolation, but in correspondence with the teacher and otherRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesManaging Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 Building Relationships by Communicating Supportively Gaining Power and Influence 279 Motivating Others 323 Managing Conflict 373 PART III GROUP SKILLS 438 8 Empowering and Delegating 439 9 Building Effective Teams and Teamwork 489 10 Leading Positive Change 533 PART IV SPECIFIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS 590 591 Supplement A Making Oral and Written PresentationsRead MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 Pages this philosophy ‘rejects the doctrine that students had first learned passively, and then, having learned should apply knowledge’.3 In contrast to this philosophy, the case analysis method is based on principles that were elaborated upon by John Dewey: Only by wrestling with the conditions of this problem at hand, seeking and finding his own way out, does [the student] think ... If he cannot devise his own solution (not, of course, in isolation, but in correspondence with the teacher and other pupils)

Greed and the Seven Deadly Sins Free Essays

Greed is one of the most deadly sins and there are three forms greed. Greed is the most committed sin in the world we see everyday a person wanting more money, power, or goods. This sin is one of the most commonly depicted sin in the world the make movie, TV shows, and songs about this sin. We will write a custom essay sample on Greed and the Seven Deadly Sins or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shows like American Greed describe people that commit this sin almost everyday people like Henry Jones, Albert Gonzalez, and Scott Rothstein these people committed this sin everyday of their life to so many people and hurt them so much that they are now in a hole they will never climb out of in their lifetime. Greed for Power This type of greed if for power over something or someone in the upmost way of any form of ruling. The kings of a country would be a prime example of this kind of greed; King George III would be a great example of this type of greed. He was king during the American Revolution; he fought so hard to keep control over the American colonies that drove him insane. The American people fought back to gain the power to govern their own country. We see in history that almost every country in history fought for power to govern themselves. In this since of greed everyone in history has the greed of power everyone wants the power that no one ever keeps. Greed for Money This form of greed is the most commonly seen through history; every period in history you will see a person that has this greed of money in many forms. Bill Gates is a prime example for this type of greed; he in his life would buy a program and then would take this program and turn it in to what we know as Window DOS and then in to the Windows operating systems. This idea that Bill had made him millions; he turned a deal he made for $50,000 in to millions making him one of the riches people on earth. But, still he wants more money to fund his lifestyle that he is so use to living. Greed for Goods This type of greed is a need to own goods to feel powerful. China as a country is a prime example; they feel if they provide the world with cheap items they can run the world’s economy. China provides around 65 percent of the items in the United States stores in this day and age, they run most of our economy as is it stands. China can make these items for a cheaper rate then we can make the item in this country so we go and buy these items from China instead of making it our self. The US doing this is fueling China greed for power over goods. This is Greed Greed alone is one of the most committed sin in this world; we do it almost every day in some since of the word. The three types of greed make no difference when you say whether or not you committed the sin of greed or not. Whether you are power hunger, money hunger or in the need for greed of goods, you still are a greedy person. Greed is greed whether you want to say it or not America is a very greedy country. This world is a greedy world we live in, everywhere you go all you see is greed. How to cite Greed and the Seven Deadly Sins, Essay examples

History of Modern Latin America-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Up until the 18thcentury, the prevalent view regarding Latin America was one of riches and wealth. However, from the 19thcentury on the region began to be perceived as backwards or underdeveloped; while the 21stcentury has also seen a shift in some of these views. Throughout theses centuries, observers and scholars have offered explanations for these situations. Write an essay in which you trace this historical evolution of perspectives on Latin American underdevelopment and the ways in which Latin Americans, themselves, have offered their own responses to underdevelopment. Answer: Latin America consists of the nineteen sovereign states and numerous dependencies and territories that cover the area stretching from the northern border of Mexico to the tip of South America. Some of the well known countries of this region are Chile. Brazil, Haiti, Mexico and Peru wherein French, Spanish and Portuguese are the commonly spoken languages. The concept that this part of America is culturally and linguistically diverse can be traced back to early 1800s. Latin America had taken a prominent place in history for being one of the wealthiest and richest until the 18th century. Nevertheless, the emergence of the 19th century marked Latin America as being underdeveloped or backward. The 21st century brought about some changes in this viewpoint though. Throughout the centuries, scholars have put forward different rationalizations for these situations (Meade, 2016). The present essay traces the historical evolution of perspectives of Latin American underdevelopment. The paper hig hlights the ways in which Latin Americans have offered their own responses to this much-discussed underdevelopment. The essay analyses the dominant perspectives that have changed over time and the chief explanations offered in the modern times for the backwardness. The change in the theories of underdevelopment in the 21st century would also be mentioned. The contribution of the Latin Americans to the changes would be cited. Lastly, the manner in which the ideas of underdevelopment were accepted and rejected in the 19th century would be addressed. The word Latin America was first used for describing the group of 21 countries in the American continent where the language is spoken is Latin. The countries share elements of historical experience, culture and language. The group of countries have multiple similarities between themselves, in contrast to similarities with US and Canada. Latin America holds the legacy of the colonisation of the European powers in the 16th century. Tha arrival of the European settlers in this geographic area founded a thriving indigenous cultures. The inflow of wealth had made this location a thriving base for economic growth. The considerable proportion of immigration to this land was marked by security concerns, social developments and economic benefits (Charlip Burns, 2016). According to the authors, the Latin American underdevelopment is to be linked with the colonial structure of world capitalism. The colonial structure had penetrated every region in Latin America and had acted as a key force for transforming and forming the features of wealth and prosperity. Characteristics of backwardness and poverty emerged against this context which was not basically the remnants of the feudal pasts. In contrast, it was the direct result of capitalism. The development of underdevelopment would persist even in future until the people free themselves from strangles of world capitalism. The only method by which such freedom can be achieved is through revolution. A revolutionary process is to be initiated that can work as a strong effort to give rise to the continent-wide uprising against national bourgeoisie and imperialism. Gwynne and Cristobal (2014) pointed out that the issue of underdevelopment in Latin America is much complex and in-depth analysis can only bring about a distinct conclusion to the matter. Comparing the economies of Latin America and mainland America one would find that there are noteworthy differences between the economic development between these two sections. Countless settlements can be found in Latin America, expanding across regions, which is illegal. Underdevelopment is more prominent in these locations, and progressive culture is far away from being witnessed. Until the decade after World War I, the minor level of development of the economies was thought to be inherent. The economy of Latin Americ moved mechanically at a pace that was set by the larger industrial countries of the Western world. Latin America continued to lag behind the privileged nations that had higher levels of the economy due to industrialisation and exchange of goods on an international basis. The traditio nal concept that Latin America would continue with its prosperity suffered a blow with the arrival of the 20th century. The same time frame saw the manifestation of the need for liberation from the fluctuations of capital transactions and foreign trade. Policies changed in relation to the tariff, subsidies, import substitution and this supported diversification of economies. The government was also slow in recognising that economic development was being hampered. The people of Latin America contributed to the underdevelopment since they were convinced that economic backwardness was expected, and a transient condition that could not be changed. There was an abscence of determination to put forward sustained collective efforts against underdevelopment. Thus, underdevelopment became closely connected with the reluctance to improve living conditions. Since that time, underdevelopment became a clichd theme (Charlip Burns, 2016). Meade (2016) blamed colonisation in Latin America as the as the main reason for underdevelopment in the region. As French and English colonists came to live in Canada and US, the Spanish colonists came to Peru and Mexico with the aim of looking for wealthy resources that they could send back home to Spain. Researchers state that it is an iconic truth that countries that were resource-rich became the most economically poor ones. The wealth of Latin America, in terms of silver, gold, coffee and sugar were all exported to the colonist countries without much restrictions. Certain cutting-edge exploitation methods have been cited by researchers that contributed to raising money and money lending, that eventually made Spain and likewise countries richer. Birdsall et al., (2014) in this regard highlighted that the economic heritages colonisation is known for are the impact of controlling, possessing and conquering the specified portions of America later known as Latin America. The colonies of 18th and 19th century were set up with the aim of expanding the European capitalist production after the Industrial Revolution. The colonial powers of Europe had the aim of incorporating territories that could be beneficial for providing raw materials and workforce at a low cost. The process of destructuring and remaking of social formations in the Latin American region thereby started as a result. The gaol was not to populate the areas of Latin America, but to loot the resources natural resources and extract inexpensive labours. There was no plan of sparking international development. For ensuring that monopolistic privileges could be attained, the colonial powers focused on forcibly shaping the economical as well as social dynamics of the colon ies. The condition led to trade relations in support of colonial powers. Yates and Bakker (2014) stated that the indigenous people in colonise countries gave in to the force induced by colonists to support non-technologically intensive monocultures wherein they had to sell in their entire production of resources to the dominant countries in an unprofitable manner. The role of non-modernising oligarchies needs special mention since the local elites had little contribution to the political power needed for combating exploitation of colonists. The researchers further state that the contemporary and historic massive poverty in the regions of Latin America saw its emergence in the privation of access to housing and land. The working class were unable to consume the products and lands in a society that was scarred by economic inequality. The locals of the region were victims of strict laws and measures that controlled their social power. Manufacture of local goods as prohibited and dependence on colonies were more prominent. The development of the colonial countries came at the expense of the colonised countrys underdevelopment. The production of goods was controlled by the demands of the colonists. The actual economy was therefore in the hands of the exploiters who established a relation between the colony and the colonial power. The historical process had the main impact that the colonies became economically disabled and subordinated to a great extent. In addition, the internal dynamics of the colonised land did not support savings, thereby draining the whole of the economy that could have been otherwise saved for future. Williamson (2015) analysed the roots of underdevelopment in Latin America and pointed out the past and present conditions in this regard. According to the scholars, poverty, corruption and lack of business base are the main reasons for underdevelopment in Latin America that, of course, has witnessed changes over the course of time. Most of the nations in Latin America have had a vast agricultural and mineral wealth. However, the fact that it was accumulated in certain specific areas such as Colombia and Brazil, made it difficult for the government to spread the potential wealth across the populations. Conversely, some of the nations were known to have limited natural resources such as French Guiana and Haiti. These countries failed to develop their Gross Domestic Product as a result. In addition, corruption in the nations was extensive since the government had lack of accountability. There was limited tssransparency in how investments were done in these countries as the government of ficials did not disclose such valuable data for their own benefits. Further, countries such as Mexico and Brazil were the only ones to be having a chief manufacturing base creating skilled work. Employment opportunities were limited due to absence of work giving high wage. The remaining nations had economies based upon resource exportation and agriculture, none of which made the population wealthy (Burns, 1993). Drug trade has been discussed by historians in this respect since this retarded the growth of multiple nations in Latin America. Along with corruption, violence accompanied the drug trade. A large section of the population of Latin America got involved in the drug business that was lucrative in the 20th century instead of other noble businesses. This had a detrimental impact on the economic growth of the nations to a large extent (Katz, 2013). Hoxie and Iverson (2014) in their paper contributed to the discussion of how Latin America has considered fighting against underdevelopment. The paper brought into focus the points that can be mentioned when discussing the arguments put against the theory of underdevelopment in this region. Latin America is the result of cultural, spiritual and economic amalgam. It has acted as a driving force for bridging people. With time, the mixture of different cultures has enhanced the level of intellect among people as individuals from different cultures share their viewpoints and ideas. Leadership and authority among the nations ave witnessed a sharp increase in the emergence of the 21st century. The economic zeal and power are now in the hands of a government that has supported reforms in policies and legislations. At present leaders are more competent and driving the inflow of business investments through nationalisation of companies. Initiatives are also being taken for controlling cronyis m and corruption. They are now showing increased interest to work in collaboration with the US and follow their footsteps in the world of economy. Opponents, however, argue that the US views Latin America in a distinct paternalistic manner. Partnershis is far from what the US wants to establish with the countries, giving them a treatment that is responsible for low economic growth. Foner (2013) opined that a significant transformation in Latin America is underway. Understanding the roots of culture in the region have enabled people to become passionate, industrious and creative in the recent past. Spiritual leaders are now focusing on taking part in political agendas that uplift social transformation. People have realised the importance of modernity and have joined hands to demonstrate suitable leadership and governance at all levels across the society. Some of the Latin American nations have kept the socialist revolution moving frontwards in the past few decades, and this has inspired other countries as well, as pointed out by historians. Today, countries such as Venezuela and Cuba are at the core of advancement. Historians are all set to defend the gains made by the countries by showing traces of modernism and independence which are crucial for economic development. In conclusion, it can be stated that Latin American underdevelopment is not of the recent epoch. The issue is old, with a history dating back to several centuries. The phenomena of underdevelopment in this region took on the its distinct characteristic outlines at the time of leaders of the capitalist world initiating transformation into industrial nations. The prejudice and oppression present in the hierarchical societies of Latin America are the primary legacies of the former colonies. The underdevelopment of this region is a persistent tragedy in the world history, being part of the unsolved questions of the recent past. References Birdsall, N., Lustig, N., Meyer, C. J. (2014). The strugglers: The new poor in Latin America?.World Development,60, 132-146. Burns, E. B. (1993).Latin America: conflict and creation: a historical reader. Prentice Hall. Charlip, J. A., Burns, E. B. (2016).Latin America: An Interpretive History. Pearson. Foner, E. (2013).Give Me Liberty! An American History: Seagull Fourth Edition(Vol. 1). WW Norton Company. Gwynne, R. N., Cristobal, K. A. Y. (2014).Latin America transformed: globalization and modernity. Routledge. Hoxie, F. E., Iverson, P. (Eds.). (2014).Indians in American history: An introduction. John Wiley Sons. Katz, M. B. (2013).Poverty and policy in American history. Elsevier. Meade, T. A. (2016).History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present. John Wiley Sons. Williamson, J. G. (2015). Latin American Inequality: Colonial Origins, Commodity Booms or a Missed Twentieth-Century Leveling?.Journal of Human Development and Capabilities,16(3), 324-341. Yates, J. S., Bakker, K. (2014). Debating the post-neoliberal turnin Latin America.Progress in Human Geography,38(1), 62-9