Conflict Resolution as Per Dewey - 1014 Words

Throughout one s life, one establishes many relationships. Some are built upon, and become strong and unshakable, some are broken and left to dissolve. While some are paved slowly and with love, blossoming to become something wonderful, others are blown apart - the pieces scattered, never to be put back together again. Though these relationships vary, from professional to personal, they are all prone to encountering some form of conflict. John Dewey has designed a problem solving sequence with 6 (six) steps, listed and explained below, to facilitate resolution of these conflicts. Since the way one deals with conflict within the relationship will affect how the relationship progresses, it is vital that one posse all the necessary†¦show more content†¦A decision can also be reached through the process of majority rules. Though this process is a fairer one it must be performed by a small group, and not two individuals. Since George and Max are co-owners, and there is no leader among them, they will be using the consensus method for their decision making. In this type of method, a unanimous decision must be reached, therefor all parties must be in agreement. George and Max have decided to combine the student special with the music nights. This causes little change in their budgets and satisfies their criteria for evaluating solutions. 6. Test selected solutions. After a solution has been identified and selected, a test should be made to ensure it s effectiveness. This can be done through polling, analyzing, and other methods of collecting data. George and Max will try their solutions for two weeks and observe the if there is an increase in their sales by comparing the totals of the two weeks to the two previous weeks. They have also chosen to advertise using homemade signs in the windows. As with every change, there is a trail-and-error period where things are revised and new circumstances may render the old decision obsolete. These steps are to be followed in an orderly fashion, but this does not mean that they can not be returned to. If, after completing a step, the desired result is not obtained, one can always go back to any previous step they wish and start fromShow MoreRelatedHow The Superintendents Leadership Program Transformed Me As A Leader? Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagesgraduates’ practices† as published in Journal of Educational Administration, p 489) defined reflective thought as â€Å"an active response to the challenge of the environment.† Before I thought that experience is the best teacher per se, but I now realized as I came across Dewey (1910 as cited in the previous article, p 489), authentic learning only occurs when human beings focus their attention, energies, and abilities on solving genuine dilemmas and complexities- and when human beings reflect on theirRead More Intellectual Freedom Essay2055 Words   |  9 Pagesalways the case in the United States. In the 19th and much of the 20th centuries, librarians felt it their duty to restrict access to library materials to children and adults. Librarians were admonished to obtain only the most wholesome materials. 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Greed and the Seven Deadly Sins Free Essays

Greed is one of the most deadly sins and there are three forms greed. Greed is the most committed sin in the world we see everyday a person wanting more money, power, or goods. This sin is one of the most commonly depicted sin in the world the make movie, TV shows, and songs about this sin. We will write a custom essay sample on Greed and the Seven Deadly Sins or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shows like American Greed describe people that commit this sin almost everyday people like Henry Jones, Albert Gonzalez, and Scott Rothstein these people committed this sin everyday of their life to so many people and hurt them so much that they are now in a hole they will never climb out of in their lifetime. Greed for Power This type of greed if for power over something or someone in the upmost way of any form of ruling. The kings of a country would be a prime example of this kind of greed; King George III would be a great example of this type of greed. He was king during the American Revolution; he fought so hard to keep control over the American colonies that drove him insane. The American people fought back to gain the power to govern their own country. We see in history that almost every country in history fought for power to govern themselves. In this since of greed everyone in history has the greed of power everyone wants the power that no one ever keeps. Greed for Money This form of greed is the most commonly seen through history; every period in history you will see a person that has this greed of money in many forms. Bill Gates is a prime example for this type of greed; he in his life would buy a program and then would take this program and turn it in to what we know as Window DOS and then in to the Windows operating systems. This idea that Bill had made him millions; he turned a deal he made for $50,000 in to millions making him one of the riches people on earth. But, still he wants more money to fund his lifestyle that he is so use to living. Greed for Goods This type of greed is a need to own goods to feel powerful. China as a country is a prime example; they feel if they provide the world with cheap items they can run the world’s economy. China provides around 65 percent of the items in the United States stores in this day and age, they run most of our economy as is it stands. China can make these items for a cheaper rate then we can make the item in this country so we go and buy these items from China instead of making it our self. The US doing this is fueling China greed for power over goods. This is Greed Greed alone is one of the most committed sin in this world; we do it almost every day in some since of the word. The three types of greed make no difference when you say whether or not you committed the sin of greed or not. Whether you are power hunger, money hunger or in the need for greed of goods, you still are a greedy person. Greed is greed whether you want to say it or not America is a very greedy country. This world is a greedy world we live in, everywhere you go all you see is greed. How to cite Greed and the Seven Deadly Sins, Essay examples

History of Modern Latin America-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Up until the 18thcentury, the prevalent view regarding Latin America was one of riches and wealth. However, from the 19thcentury on the region began to be perceived as backwards or underdeveloped; while the 21stcentury has also seen a shift in some of these views. Throughout theses centuries, observers and scholars have offered explanations for these situations. Write an essay in which you trace this historical evolution of perspectives on Latin American underdevelopment and the ways in which Latin Americans, themselves, have offered their own responses to underdevelopment. Answer: Latin America consists of the nineteen sovereign states and numerous dependencies and territories that cover the area stretching from the northern border of Mexico to the tip of South America. Some of the well known countries of this region are Chile. Brazil, Haiti, Mexico and Peru wherein French, Spanish and Portuguese are the commonly spoken languages. The concept that this part of America is culturally and linguistically diverse can be traced back to early 1800s. Latin America had taken a prominent place in history for being one of the wealthiest and richest until the 18th century. Nevertheless, the emergence of the 19th century marked Latin America as being underdeveloped or backward. The 21st century brought about some changes in this viewpoint though. Throughout the centuries, scholars have put forward different rationalizations for these situations (Meade, 2016). The present essay traces the historical evolution of perspectives of Latin American underdevelopment. The paper hig hlights the ways in which Latin Americans have offered their own responses to this much-discussed underdevelopment. The essay analyses the dominant perspectives that have changed over time and the chief explanations offered in the modern times for the backwardness. The change in the theories of underdevelopment in the 21st century would also be mentioned. The contribution of the Latin Americans to the changes would be cited. Lastly, the manner in which the ideas of underdevelopment were accepted and rejected in the 19th century would be addressed. The word Latin America was first used for describing the group of 21 countries in the American continent where the language is spoken is Latin. The countries share elements of historical experience, culture and language. The group of countries have multiple similarities between themselves, in contrast to similarities with US and Canada. Latin America holds the legacy of the colonisation of the European powers in the 16th century. Tha arrival of the European settlers in this geographic area founded a thriving indigenous cultures. The inflow of wealth had made this location a thriving base for economic growth. The considerable proportion of immigration to this land was marked by security concerns, social developments and economic benefits (Charlip Burns, 2016). According to the authors, the Latin American underdevelopment is to be linked with the colonial structure of world capitalism. The colonial structure had penetrated every region in Latin America and had acted as a key force for transforming and forming the features of wealth and prosperity. Characteristics of backwardness and poverty emerged against this context which was not basically the remnants of the feudal pasts. In contrast, it was the direct result of capitalism. The development of underdevelopment would persist even in future until the people free themselves from strangles of world capitalism. The only method by which such freedom can be achieved is through revolution. A revolutionary process is to be initiated that can work as a strong effort to give rise to the continent-wide uprising against national bourgeoisie and imperialism. Gwynne and Cristobal (2014) pointed out that the issue of underdevelopment in Latin America is much complex and in-depth analysis can only bring about a distinct conclusion to the matter. Comparing the economies of Latin America and mainland America one would find that there are noteworthy differences between the economic development between these two sections. Countless settlements can be found in Latin America, expanding across regions, which is illegal. Underdevelopment is more prominent in these locations, and progressive culture is far away from being witnessed. Until the decade after World War I, the minor level of development of the economies was thought to be inherent. The economy of Latin Americ moved mechanically at a pace that was set by the larger industrial countries of the Western world. Latin America continued to lag behind the privileged nations that had higher levels of the economy due to industrialisation and exchange of goods on an international basis. The traditio nal concept that Latin America would continue with its prosperity suffered a blow with the arrival of the 20th century. The same time frame saw the manifestation of the need for liberation from the fluctuations of capital transactions and foreign trade. Policies changed in relation to the tariff, subsidies, import substitution and this supported diversification of economies. The government was also slow in recognising that economic development was being hampered. The people of Latin America contributed to the underdevelopment since they were convinced that economic backwardness was expected, and a transient condition that could not be changed. There was an abscence of determination to put forward sustained collective efforts against underdevelopment. Thus, underdevelopment became closely connected with the reluctance to improve living conditions. Since that time, underdevelopment became a clichd theme (Charlip Burns, 2016). Meade (2016) blamed colonisation in Latin America as the as the main reason for underdevelopment in the region. As French and English colonists came to live in Canada and US, the Spanish colonists came to Peru and Mexico with the aim of looking for wealthy resources that they could send back home to Spain. Researchers state that it is an iconic truth that countries that were resource-rich became the most economically poor ones. The wealth of Latin America, in terms of silver, gold, coffee and sugar were all exported to the colonist countries without much restrictions. Certain cutting-edge exploitation methods have been cited by researchers that contributed to raising money and money lending, that eventually made Spain and likewise countries richer. Birdsall et al., (2014) in this regard highlighted that the economic heritages colonisation is known for are the impact of controlling, possessing and conquering the specified portions of America later known as Latin America. The colonies of 18th and 19th century were set up with the aim of expanding the European capitalist production after the Industrial Revolution. The colonial powers of Europe had the aim of incorporating territories that could be beneficial for providing raw materials and workforce at a low cost. The process of destructuring and remaking of social formations in the Latin American region thereby started as a result. The gaol was not to populate the areas of Latin America, but to loot the resources natural resources and extract inexpensive labours. There was no plan of sparking international development. For ensuring that monopolistic privileges could be attained, the colonial powers focused on forcibly shaping the economical as well as social dynamics of the colon ies. The condition led to trade relations in support of colonial powers. Yates and Bakker (2014) stated that the indigenous people in colonise countries gave in to the force induced by colonists to support non-technologically intensive monocultures wherein they had to sell in their entire production of resources to the dominant countries in an unprofitable manner. The role of non-modernising oligarchies needs special mention since the local elites had little contribution to the political power needed for combating exploitation of colonists. The researchers further state that the contemporary and historic massive poverty in the regions of Latin America saw its emergence in the privation of access to housing and land. The working class were unable to consume the products and lands in a society that was scarred by economic inequality. The locals of the region were victims of strict laws and measures that controlled their social power. Manufacture of local goods as prohibited and dependence on colonies were more prominent. The development of the colonial countries came at the expense of the colonised countrys underdevelopment. The production of goods was controlled by the demands of the colonists. The actual economy was therefore in the hands of the exploiters who established a relation between the colony and the colonial power. The historical process had the main impact that the colonies became economically disabled and subordinated to a great extent. In addition, the internal dynamics of the colonised land did not support savings, thereby draining the whole of the economy that could have been otherwise saved for future. Williamson (2015) analysed the roots of underdevelopment in Latin America and pointed out the past and present conditions in this regard. According to the scholars, poverty, corruption and lack of business base are the main reasons for underdevelopment in Latin America that, of course, has witnessed changes over the course of time. Most of the nations in Latin America have had a vast agricultural and mineral wealth. However, the fact that it was accumulated in certain specific areas such as Colombia and Brazil, made it difficult for the government to spread the potential wealth across the populations. Conversely, some of the nations were known to have limited natural resources such as French Guiana and Haiti. These countries failed to develop their Gross Domestic Product as a result. In addition, corruption in the nations was extensive since the government had lack of accountability. There was limited tssransparency in how investments were done in these countries as the government of ficials did not disclose such valuable data for their own benefits. Further, countries such as Mexico and Brazil were the only ones to be having a chief manufacturing base creating skilled work. Employment opportunities were limited due to absence of work giving high wage. The remaining nations had economies based upon resource exportation and agriculture, none of which made the population wealthy (Burns, 1993). Drug trade has been discussed by historians in this respect since this retarded the growth of multiple nations in Latin America. Along with corruption, violence accompanied the drug trade. A large section of the population of Latin America got involved in the drug business that was lucrative in the 20th century instead of other noble businesses. This had a detrimental impact on the economic growth of the nations to a large extent (Katz, 2013). Hoxie and Iverson (2014) in their paper contributed to the discussion of how Latin America has considered fighting against underdevelopment. The paper brought into focus the points that can be mentioned when discussing the arguments put against the theory of underdevelopment in this region. Latin America is the result of cultural, spiritual and economic amalgam. It has acted as a driving force for bridging people. With time, the mixture of different cultures has enhanced the level of intellect among people as individuals from different cultures share their viewpoints and ideas. Leadership and authority among the nations ave witnessed a sharp increase in the emergence of the 21st century. The economic zeal and power are now in the hands of a government that has supported reforms in policies and legislations. At present leaders are more competent and driving the inflow of business investments through nationalisation of companies. Initiatives are also being taken for controlling cronyis m and corruption. They are now showing increased interest to work in collaboration with the US and follow their footsteps in the world of economy. Opponents, however, argue that the US views Latin America in a distinct paternalistic manner. Partnershis is far from what the US wants to establish with the countries, giving them a treatment that is responsible for low economic growth. Foner (2013) opined that a significant transformation in Latin America is underway. Understanding the roots of culture in the region have enabled people to become passionate, industrious and creative in the recent past. Spiritual leaders are now focusing on taking part in political agendas that uplift social transformation. People have realised the importance of modernity and have joined hands to demonstrate suitable leadership and governance at all levels across the society. Some of the Latin American nations have kept the socialist revolution moving frontwards in the past few decades, and this has inspired other countries as well, as pointed out by historians. Today, countries such as Venezuela and Cuba are at the core of advancement. Historians are all set to defend the gains made by the countries by showing traces of modernism and independence which are crucial for economic development. In conclusion, it can be stated that Latin American underdevelopment is not of the recent epoch. The issue is old, with a history dating back to several centuries. The phenomena of underdevelopment in this region took on the its distinct characteristic outlines at the time of leaders of the capitalist world initiating transformation into industrial nations. The prejudice and oppression present in the hierarchical societies of Latin America are the primary legacies of the former colonies. The underdevelopment of this region is a persistent tragedy in the world history, being part of the unsolved questions of the recent past. References Birdsall, N., Lustig, N., Meyer, C. J. (2014). The strugglers: The new poor in Latin America?.World Development,60, 132-146. Burns, E. B. (1993).Latin America: conflict and creation: a historical reader. Prentice Hall. Charlip, J. A., Burns, E. B. (2016).Latin America: An Interpretive History. Pearson. Foner, E. (2013).Give Me Liberty! An American History: Seagull Fourth Edition(Vol. 1). WW Norton Company. Gwynne, R. N., Cristobal, K. A. Y. (2014).Latin America transformed: globalization and modernity. Routledge. Hoxie, F. E., Iverson, P. (Eds.). (2014).Indians in American history: An introduction. John Wiley Sons. Katz, M. B. (2013).Poverty and policy in American history. Elsevier. Meade, T. A. (2016).History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present. John Wiley Sons. Williamson, J. G. (2015). Latin American Inequality: Colonial Origins, Commodity Booms or a Missed Twentieth-Century Leveling?.Journal of Human Development and Capabilities,16(3), 324-341. Yates, J. S., Bakker, K. (2014). Debating the post-neoliberal turnin Latin America.Progress in Human Geography,38(1), 62-9

War on Terrorism Essays - Human Rights, International Law, Law

Human Rights and the War on Terrorism Most of us can remember the day vividly when our nation became victim to an act of unspeakable terrorism. September 11, 2001, for our generation, will be our version of ?A date which will live in infamy.? (Franklin D. Roosevelt) As the years have passed and the war still continues over-seas, here in America, our lives were forever changed. From tightened security at all airports, to people arming themselves and blaming others for an event they had no control over and the rise of hate crimes. As our government tries to eradicate the war on terrorism, our human rights and civil liberties are being changed and, ?restricted in the name of security, justified by the administration as necessary to protect the American people, and the international community.? (Tabata, Alexis) The United States has supported human rights and civil liberties only when it did not conflict with security concerns. For an example, the Bush administration was willing to undermine the rights of the people as part of the war on terrorism. On October 26, 2001, a bill was introduced as the USA Patriotic Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act) This allows the government and other such agencies to conduct searches and tap into things like phone calls, phone messages, and e-mails without a court order. This act also allows them to seize documents like financial records, medical records, business or any other documents if there is suspicion of terrorism or if they suspect a connection to terrorism. (The ?Global War? on Terror) Some individuals would view this as an invasion of privacy, not knowing that their phone conversations were being listened to by a third party, or having your financial statements clos ely looked at. On the other hand, this enables the government to closely monitor potential acts that could possibly lead to something similar to 9/11. Unless the government has a just cause or evidence, this ?invasion of privacy? is not a daily occurrence. On the contrary, this act directly interferes with Article 12 of the Declaration of Human Rights. Act 12 of this declaration is as follows: ?No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to their protection of the law against such interference or attacks.? (Declaration of Human Rights) In 2012, two bills were passed by President Obama. The Enemy Expartriation Act, which further elongates the list of things that will enable the government to take away an American citizen?s citizenship and the National Defense Authorization Act that allows the United States Military to carry out domestic anti-terrorism operations on U.S. soil and enables them to detain or hold a United States citizen without a proper trial. This directly defies our human rights as shown in article 11 of the Declaration of Human Rights: ?Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.? (Declaration of Human Rights) September 11th, 2001, is not the only example where human rights were affected. The rights were violated in World War II when Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Executive Order 9066. This order allowed the US to place anyone with Japanese heritage into internments camps that were set in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. (Siasoco, Ricco Villanueva). These internment camps were a violation of the basic rights put forth by our American government in our constitution. The 8th Amendment of the American Constitution prohibits the use of cruel and unusual punishment. The conditions of the internment camps can be looked at as cruel and unusual punishment. They had no access to food, water, nowhere to sleep, over-crowded, and treated as criminals for the heritage they were born into. Just because they had the heritage, doesn?t mean they themselves condoned what happened and to put them into internment camps, being ripped away from their families and homes, it wa s a punishment that went against what was written in the American Constitution. What happened then, is happening

Essay Sample on Ancient Athenian Politics and Its Effects on Ancient Greek Civilization

Essay Sample on Ancient Athenian Politics and Its Effects on Ancient Greek Civilization Current essay deals with important and at the same time very problematic issue of ancient Athenian politics and its effect on the stability of Ancient Greek Civilization. There is no denying the importance of the fact that Ancient society produced the dominant patterns of modern politics and democratic rule in the first place. Athenian democracy was one of the main factors that created the patterns of polity, politics, law and society in Ancient World and strongly influenced political traditions of Ancient Greece. Athenian democracy was a historical formation which developed in close link with other existing forms of governance such as tyranny, oligopoly etc. prevailing in Sparta and other Greek city-states (Hasebroek). Besides this as this essay will try to show Athenian democracy and political mechanism existed in difficult conditions of permanent assault of tyranny waves as in the case of 30 tyranny and Pissistratus rule. Furthermore, one should remember that external threats to Athenian society and its intrinsically aristocratic nature were those factors which significantly hindered the development of genuine democracy and made it unstable and non-inclusive. Athens was a leading city-state which formed larger Ancient Greek civilization and engaged in external political relations with other states such as Persia, Sparta, Egypt etc. Hence, deep difference between Athenian internal and external politics were in place and it makes necessary to examine these controversies in detail. Athenian politics are to be analyzed historically by integrating culture, traditions, and main events in the wider fabric of analysis. As a result we hope to produce genuine research addressing the role of Athenian politics and Athenian democracy in shaping the contours of Ancient Greek Civilization and affecting political stability in this particular region. Ancient Greece and the formation of Athenian politics The formation of Athenian political system and the mechanism of internal and external politics were deeply affected by two opposite trends which were characteristic of Ancient Greece civilization: the opposition between democracy and tyranny (Stanton). The social structure of Athenian society was very complex and differentiated which created significant instability affecting Athenian and other city-states politics. Therefore the problems of stability/instability should be discussed through the prism of Athens state formation, its political ties with other city-states and civilizations. But before analyzing these issues it is necessary to outline the basic developments in Athenian political and social realms which resulted in the creation of classic Athenian society. There is no denying the importance of the fact that dominant position of Athenian state in Greek politics affected relatively independent development of Athenian civilization which was characterized by permanent struggle between tyranny and democracy. Opposition between aristocratic clans represented by rich strategists, rich people and statesmen and demos was particularly bitter contributing to the instability not only in Athenian society but also in other Greek city-states (Kaloudis 239). As Plato’s dialogue Euthydem suggests Athenian aristocracy was among the most aggressive elements in Athenian society whose lust for power and wealth pushed them to wage wars and conquer other states and peoples (Plato 123-156). These aristocratic wars were one of the main factors of instability in Ancient Greece but notwithstanding this fact they should be regarded as a crucial element of Ancient Greece stabilization under the reign of Athenian state. Here, as Wood claims we have a dialect ical unity of stability and instability in Ancient Greece which are not to be analyzed separately (Wood 145). The formation of Athenian democracy was not a linear process but it followed several important stages connected with the policies of Solon, Cleisthenes and Ephialtes who one of the greatest Athenian politicians (Hignett). During Solon times before his reforms Athenian state was controlled by tyrannoi (tyrants), the representatives of noble people who fought for power against each other and neglected the interests of ordinary people. Theagenes in Megara for instance usurped power on behalf of Ionian minority and Cleisthenes the Athenian noblemen tried to seize the power in 632BC but failed (Stanton 67). Before Solon the political relations in Athenian society were controlled by aristocratic organ Areopagus which was formed on the basis of nobility, social status and wealth. It chose nine archons who ruled the country on its behalf. There was no way for archons to be hold accountable for their actions, hence using Aristotle classification this model of governance can be described as oligopoly (Barnes). Solon thus tried to redress situation and pursued constitutional reforms seeking to install stable system of aristocratic democracy (Hignett). Solon created the Council of Four Hundred which significantly enhanced the political representation of lower class people in Athenian society. He divided society in four distinct groups depending on the level of their social status and ascribed different political and social rights to them. Solon released all Athenians citizens who were enslaved and provided them with some civil and political rights. Besides this Solon placed the order on political practices and procedures and introduced economic legislation which provided premises for transformation of Athens into one of the leading city-states and becoming Ancient Greece hegemony along with Sparta and Corinth. It goes without saying that Solon’s reforms were directed by large on combating sectarian rivalries among aristocracy which hindered the effective development of Athenian state. Hence it may be claimed that stabilization though temporal was important in terms of Athens enhancing their political positions visvis other Ancient Greece states (Ober and Hendrick 45). The democratic consolidation continued with Ephialtes weakening of Areopagus powers by putting its influential leaders to trial. His political reforms created preconditions for considerable limitation of Aristocratic power in Athens. For instance, Areopagus before Ephialtes had authorities to process crime trials without jury but new reforms allowed citizens to be represented in jury and influence its decisions through the mechanism of voting and discussion (Stanton). These democratic achievements considerably affected political and social relations within Athenian society and spread far beyond the territory of Athenian states. These reforms became the triggers of mass upheavals and clashes between aristocracy and demos in other city-states such as Sparta (where helots fought against repressive tyranny) and Corinth (Pomeroy, Burstein, Donlan, and Tolbert). All these once again prove the fact that the political situation in Athenian society affected other political units of Ancient Greece and this was even without any significant channels of communication that we have nowadays (Hasebroek). Though these reforms were cancelled by thirty tyrants they resulted in a significant political progress and formation of Athenian political and Ancient Greece political culture. Pericles rule is very important since he introduced some important political innovations which significantly affected the stability of Athenian democracy. Under his rule the aristocratic privileges were sufficiently reduced through the reform of citizen status. He prohibited aristocracy from making marriages outside Athens if they wanted to stay Athenian citizens. This move was designed to equalize the political status of all Athenian citizens. Besides this one of his most important innovations was paying members of jury for the time spent performing civil responsibilities. This also helped encourage more people to engage in the judicial system of Athens. Pericles was a proponent of populist policy by defending political and social rights of poor classes. Pericles started his political career with allowing poor people to watch theatrical performances (Hignett 145-167). Later he abolished discriminative laws prohibiting low-income citizens from taking public office positions and considerably widened the scope of humble people privileges. There is no denying the importance of the fact that these decisions were politically motivated by Athenian external politics. As Samons notes, Pericles connected widening democratic rights of demos with Athenian political dominance in Ancient Greece since he regarded demos as a crucial element of Athens military strength (for instance Athenian fleet was formed from low-class people) (156). Hence, these democratic reforms shouldnt be regarded as a one-folded phenomenon. In contrast political developments in Athenian society were deeply connected with Athens political ambitions of controlling all Ancient Greece and even projecting its dominance to other nations. The motivation of low-class people was one of the main factors contributing to forming well-equipped army which took part in Greece-Persia and Peloponnesian wars. To sum it up, political development of Athens influenced much the development of Ancient Greece and its stabilization under Athens rule. Through political and economic instruments such as trade and commerce Athens projected their political and cultural patterns to other city-states and formed different alliances that served their political interests. Later as the current essay will show the deterioration of Athenian democracy and losing its military strength will result in entire Ancient Greece destabilization and its successive demise as a constellation of independent states. Political system of Athens perished with the invasion of Macedonians in 322 BC. Problems of Athenian democracy as the source of political instability Political developments within Athens were often affected by situation in Ancient Greece. The failures of Athenian democracy such as the rule of 30 tyrants should be regarded as a consequence of Peloponnesian war between Sparta and Athens which increased political weight of Athenian aristocracy using difficult political conditions to neglect democratic rights of ordinary people. The aristocratic group named 400 hundred usurped power in 411 BC and considerably reduced the size of electorate and introduced property census on the franchise (Hasebroek). These representatives of aristocracy claimed that democracy is ruining for Athenian political preeminence in Athenian world since only aristocracy has sufficient knowledge and skills to take necessary and reasonable decisions. The absence of meritocracy was regarded as the main cause of the Athens power decline but in fact this aristocratic discourse was nothing else than the desire to reassert the power of nobility (Ober). Further deter ioration of Athenian democracy continued even after it was reinstalled. Furthermore, there is no denying the importance of the fact that Athenian democracy was aristocratic in essence though some major democratic reforms were made by Solon and Pericles (Pomeroy, Burstein, Donlan, and Tolbert 67). It is connected with Athenian imperial status in Ancient Greece which prohibited low-class citizens from participating in ‘big politics’. Elites controlled political agenda being dominant in decision-making on economy, strategic matters and distribution of imperial wealth. Besides this they dominated numerically in legislative organs and judicial system. Athenian democracy was considerably flawed in terms of peoples representation. Only adult Athenian men were eligible in participating in political matters and had a right to vote (Pomeroy, Burstein, Donlan, and Tolbert 57). Thereby the majority of Athenian population was excluded from the political process. Those excluded were children, metics (resident foreigners), slaves, and those who didnâ€⠄¢t possess enough money to pay debts to the Athenian state. To sum it up it should be said that Athenian democracy was considerably flawed from the start and its further deterioration was connected with reducing regional stability as a result of wars between Greek cities and other states. Athens political positions in Ancient Greece and its implications for stability The dominance of Athens and other influential city states such as Sparta, Thebes and Corinth were important consolidation and stabilization factor in the development of Ancient Greece civilization and was destabilizing at the same time. Athens united many small tribes, cities and villages under its rule making them more safe visvis Persian and other invaders. This dominance resulted in a creation of strong, centralized state which projected military strength to defend the borders of other allied Ancient Greek city-states which in its turn rose the influence of Athens among them and alien cultures. Besides this the political dominance of Athens was one of the main reasons for the flourishing economy and trade in Ancient Greece since Athens required various goods for the development which in its turn stimulated the economic development of other Greek city-states (Powell 56-78). Among the basic sources of instability in Ancient Greece connected with Athens were their permanent rivalry with Sparta which was a dual militaristic monarchy controlled by landed aristocracy. It dominated other cities of Peloponnesus. In 510 Spartan troops took active part in overthrowing Athenian king and installing their own oligarchs which became one of the triggers of further Ancient Greece instability resulting in Peloponnesian wars between Sparta and Greece (Powell). Political influence of Athens was exerted through the Delian League which in fact constituted Athenian empire (a number of satellite states serving Athenians interests). The growth of domination in this League after the end of Greco-Persian war resulted in worsening political relations with Sparta and entire Peloponnesian League which finally led to Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC). This war resulted in greater instability and the growth of authoritarian trends in Athenian society. Its naval supremacy was challenged by Sparta and it faced up with the threat of bankruptcy as its trade relations with the outside world were halted. As a result of Sparta’s ultimatum Athens have lost all their overseas territories and fleet. The decline of Athenian power led to the invasion of Macedonians which installed there rule in Balkans. The dispossessions of Athens resulted in recession of its economy, agriculture and state infrastructure. Moreover, Athens lost all their overseas possessions which was particularly destructive if we remember that Athens were an imperial state. Finally, with the decline of Athens came the end of Ancient Greece political status as it was invaded by Romans in 145BC. Conclusion Current essay showed that Athens political system was an important factor in its longstanding preeminence in Ancient Greece. It transformed this region into the centre of military, cultural and economic development. But the relations among city-states were very difficult which caused permanent wars and instability used by alien states as a precondition for conquering Ancient Greece. Hence, it may be said that historical logic of this period shows that Athens were an important factor in Greek politics and their decline resulted in the demise of Ancient Greece civilization.

African Trypanosomiasis Sleeping Sickness Biology Essay

African Trypanosomiasis Sleeping Sickness Biology Essay African trypanosomiasis also known as â€Å"sleeping sickness† is a wide spread parasitic disease (disease caused by organism that lives in or on another from which it obtains nourishment) that can be fatal if not treated. It is estimated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) that it has 450 000 cases each year, however in the past there have epidemics (a rapid spread or increase) such as between 1896 and 1906 where it is believed that 300 000 to 500 000 died from the disease. [1] African trypanosomiasis is common in the sub-Saharan region near rivers, lakes, in gallery forests and in Savannahs where the large brown tsetse flies are present. It occurs in these remote rural areas because the health systems are weak and because most of these areas depend on agriculture, fishing, animal husbandry or hunting so they are exposed to the tsetse flies. [2]The disease has been present in Africa for a minimum of 14 centuries with millions of people being affected by it. As you can see below (in figure 1) the distribution of trypanosomiasis in Africa comprises currently an area of 8 million km2 between 14 degrees North and 20 degrees South latitude. tryp_map.gif [Fig. 1] Distribution of human African trypanosomiasis. http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend5.gifEpidemic http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend6.gifHigh endemicity http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend4.gifLow endemicity http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend7.gifAt risk http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend3.gifAbsence of the disease   As well as African trypanosomiasis also occurs in South America it is called the American trypanosomiasis or the Chagas disease however the organism causing that disease is different to the Tsetse flies. African trypanosomiasis is however more common than the South American version and it is estimated that around 50,000 to 70,000 people are currently infected with it and around 48,000 people died from it in 2008. [3] If, like most diseases, Afric an Trypanosomiasis is diagnosed early there is a high chance of survival. There are no effective vaccines, and the drugs used to treat this disease are often toxic and usually have many side effects. Untreated cases have a 100 percent  mortality rate. [4] The extent of African Trypanosomiasis is shown more clearly when compared to other diseases and during epidemic periods prevalence reached 50% in several villages in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola and Southern Sudan. Sleeping sickness was the first or second greatest cause of mortality in those communities, ahead of even HIV/AIDS. [5] There are two types of African trypanosomiasis which are common in humans. The first of the two sub species is trypanosomiasis brucei gambiense which causes a slow chronic trypanosomiasis in humans. This mostly occurs in central and western Africa, where humans are thought to be the primary target. The second is T. brucei rhodesiense and this causes a rapid onset of trypanosomiasis in huma ns and this is most common in southern and eastern Africa, where animals are the primary target. Tsetse flies are large flies which can be easily misinterpreted for a housefly but can be distinguished by various characteristics. These flies cause human sleeping sickness and animal trypanosomiasis (or nagana) as well as other diseases and its estimated it kills around 250,000 to 300,000 people a year. Tsetse flies are multivoltine (they have more than 2 generations per year) and there are 23 species of this fly existent today. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus Glossina, which are generally placed in their own family, the Glossinidae. [6]

Financial statements Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial statements - Research Paper Example The documents that constitute the financial statements include the balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements and the statements of shareholders’ equity (Sinha, 2007). There are some aspects of relationship between these financial records. The three financial records are used to show the financial situation of the company. First, a balance sheet is a financial statement that is used to show what a company owns and what it owes to others, in terms of the assets and the liabilities of the company (USEC, 2007). The income statement is used to show the amount of money that the organization made and how much money it spent within a given financial period, which could range from monthly, to quarterly or annually. On the other hand, the cash flow statements serve to indicate the monetary exchanges that an organization has had with the outside world, within a specified duration of time. The similarity in all these financial records is that they serve to indicate the finan cial situation of the organization after its interaction with the other stakeholders, in terms of assets, revenues, liabilities and expenditures (Wahlen, Bradshaw, Baginski & Stickney, 2010). Secondly, the three financial records serve to indicate what the organization has spent to gain the property and finances it owns (USEC, 2007). The three financial records have the expenditure and the revenue components, which measure the gains and the take-away that an organization has experienced in financial terms, within a specified period of time. The balance sheets, income statements and the cash flow statements have a debit side, in which they record the expenditures and the reductions to the assets of the organization in terms of the outgoing money. The costs associated with earning either the revenues or the assets that an organization owns are shown in terms of the costs and expenditures that the organization has incurred within a specified period of time. The bottom line of these fin ancial records is to show how much an organization has made within a period of time, and how much the organization has spent within the same duration, and thus give the overall conclusion regarding whether the transactions that were undertaken by the organization during the specified period either helped to make gains or loss (Sinha, 2007). The final conclusion of the three financial records is that they accumulate all the gainful transactions and records them in terms of the amounts of money they help bring in to the organization, while recording the other transactions that serves to take away money from the organization. The two types of transactions are then summed up, and their totals compared, to determine the implication of the transactions that an organization made throughout the period, whether they are gainful or they constitute a loss. However, there is a different set of relationship between the balance sheets and the cash flow statements on one hand, and the income state ments on the other. This relationship exists in the form of adjustments, where both the balance sheets and the cash flow statement are used to adjust the income statement, through introducing certain financial aspects, which cannot be directly categorized as direct incomes or expenditures (Penner, 2004). The income statement is purely applied to

Present a brief autobiography of your experiences as a bicultural Essay

Present a brief autobiography of your experiences as a bicultural subject - Essay Example The decision to emigrate from my country of birth to the USA was not made lightly, yet I believe that it was a wise choice to make, for my husband, myself, and, our daughter. Moving to the USA has meant that our lives have changed quite markedly in the last four years. The USA is a country that seemed to us to be a land of opportunity, and the place that I needed to go to fulfil my aims and ambitions in life. For life loses its meaning if you do not attempt to achieve your ambitions and follow your dreams. My husband and I hoped that being bicultural subjects would help us all to be better people. I had an idea of the diverse culture of the USA from media reports besides the books about the country I read as a university student in Korea. To be honest the culture and the language of the USA has fascinated me from an early age. The significant presence of American brands such as Coca-Cola and Starbucks as well as American films and music means that American culture and the English language have spread across the globe. Korean people spends much time to learn English nowadays. They think that speaking English will make success stories of their lives. Sometime my friend who lives in Korea called me that I envy your daughter because she speaks and learns English at a child care center. My daughter conversely learnt Korean as a second language, and the influence of English is always surrounding her. My cultural identity, linguistic, and national background is actually Korean, as South Korea is the place where I was born and lived until deciding to leave my home to complete my education and develop a career as well. In South Korea the Korean culture and language is dominant, although there are American and Japanese influences. My husband has the linguistic, cultural, and national background as me, and we did not want our daughter to miss out on her heritage. I first began to learn

The Five Management Functions Essay Example for Free

The Five Management Functions Essay The subject of this reflective paper is regarding the most critical organizational management functions. Critical management functions sit at the core of any organization and steer its leaders, managers, and employees toward success by utilizing the people and resources in the most effective manner. My intent is for the reader to be enlightened of how I helped manage a Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) company by implementing some of the same leadership and management methods from our Management 330 college course. Though many of the Theories from the text book are very valuable, I believe some the information is very vague and somewhat common sense in nature. In my opinion, I don’t believe Mark Zuckerburg, Bill Gates, Lee Iacocca, Mark Cuban, or Donald Trump used these EXACT theories of management to become successful owners of businesses and organizations. Think of how the main points and sub-headings pertain to your current job or another job you have held in the past. My personal examples provide a simplistic version that proves with the right planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling, a tiny HVAC company could become an even larger success than what the owner had initially hoped for. Enjoy! The Planning Function Upon retirement from the USAF and a short term of employment at Sandia National Laboratories, I was hired to manage a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) company. I was not very familiar with HVAC systems, but as a home owner I knew enough about them that I was comfortable in that type of environment. The owner of the company seldom communicated with the HVAC technicians because he wanted them out of the shop and either on their way to the job site or at the job site no later than 8:00 a. m. The company had seven HVAC technicians, an accountant and me, the company manager. A few of my daily tasks were to maintain the weekly service call, maintenance, and installation schedules. This required extensive planning and communication with the technicians. As the manager, I was responsible for enforcing the owner’s company goals then motivate the employees to reach those goals via several courses of action. I used a variety of planning activities to include bi-weekly staff meetings, reviewing internal and external factors such as employee’s scheduled vacations, budget statuses, job site locations, and the weekly weather forecast. I also had to take into consideration the strengths and weaknesses of our employees. Some technicians had more experience and education than others, so I had to match jobs with installers or service technicians. There were some jobs our company was not qualified to do, such as electrical installation and hook up. None of our technicians were licensed electricians, which was a handicap for the organization. If a job required electrical installation or upgrade, I would coordinate with one of our electrical sub-contractors to ensure they could be on the job site when the equipment was ready for electrical hook up and start up. Our accountant was responsible for all aspects of receiving and distributing monetary resources to complete the company’s goals. One of the many challenges we faced was keeping informed of the government incentives for households to install more efficient heating and cooling systems. We were in constant communication with our system vendors to get the latest and greatest government rebates and installation incentives and deadlines. Economic and technological changes were another challenge because we had to stay abreast of new and emerging heating and cooling systems to stay competitive in the HVAC industry. Planning for an organization occurs with some degree of uncertainty because the end result is somewhat unknown. As the manager, I sometimes had to take certain risks with company resources to succeed in a job completion strategy. The Five Functions of Effective Management; Introduction to Management: Achieving Form through Function, Chapter 1, Page 15). Even though this company was relatively small with less than 10 employees, the same planning fundamentals applied to that of a major employer or organization. The Organizing Function When the owner of the company had new tasks or company goals, I was always his go-to person to ensure the visions and processes he demanded were successful. Our task and authority relationship (The Five Functions of Effective Management; Introduction to Management: Achieving Form through Function, Chapter 1, Page 15). as always very professional because we worked together to achieve the organization’s goals. Another important responsibility I was delegated was to decide the best way to organize the company’s resources. The owner usually determined the actual job requirements, what specifically needed to be done, and who he wanted doing the job(s). My role was to inform him of each employee’s status, who was available, who was qualified, etc. , The Staffing Function As an Information Technology geek by trade, my experience with the human resources and staffing functions was limited. During my Air Force career, I was not able to choose who I wanted in my work center. It was my decision as to who would supervise who, but the hiring/firing and interviewing functions were pretty much non-existent in the military; you get who is allocated toward a specific vacancy, get the person trained, press on with the mission, and mold your troops to become leaders in their own right. If they mess up along the way, you reprimand them and hope they learn from their mistakes. As the HVAC company manager, staffing was also delegated to me. Even with my lack of human resource experience, the owner wanted his manager to do the recruiting, selecting, evaluating, and hiring of employees. (The Five Functions of Effective Management; Introduction to Management: Achieving Form through Function, Chapter 1, Page 16). The Leading Function I was taught that to become a truly effective leader you must first be an effective follower and subordinate. I have been on both sides of the leading/following roles and know what it is like to be the low person on the totem pole or the â€Å"boss† making the tough decisions. A key element when trying to motivate individuals to accomplish goals is to present clear tasks to those completing the organizations actual goals. The owner and I would constantly encourage our technicians to be great at what they do, not just be good at what they do, and that if they needed anything from us we were always available for support and mentoring. My boss had a tendency to get a bit excited and raise his voice when something didn’t go as planned. Once he calmed down, he and I were able to sit at the conference table to sort out the events that led to an unsatisfied customer or a derogatory employee internal issue. I would open up the conversation with an open mind and allow the employee(s) to take their time to explain what went wrong or why a customer was dissatisfied. After listening to what had actually occurred, the situation was discussed thoroughly, and a plan of action to remedy the issue was agreed upon by all parties, I could always sense an increase of personal commitment to the organization. The Control Function After a few weeks as manager of the company, I noticed the technicians did not provide customer satisfaction/feedback forms to our customers. I asked the boss about how he receives feedback from our customers and he told me that if there is a problem someone will call you and then you can report the problem to me. I asked how he received positive feedback from a job well done or when an employee goes above and beyond the norm to satisfy a customer. He told me that the employee would just tell him that their customers were very pleased with their service. That didn’t seem like a very accurate customer service measuring tool so I suggested we implement an easy, effective, and yet â€Å"voluntary† customer feedback system. My idea was the next time we needed to order our company invoices, to have the printing contractor add a portion to the customer’s copy where the customer could fill in the survey/feedback form and mail it, fax it or e-mail their comments to me and the owner. Then, we would hold a monthly drawing from our customer feedback file, and one of our customers would receive free merchandise, such as a pocket knife with our company name and logo, a free HVAC inspection, free furnace filters, or a free spring or fall start-up of heating or cooling services. After 30 days, the feedback forms, e-mails, and phone calls increased our customer relations by over 80 percent and business increased by over 25%! Within a matter of 90 days we had established an excellent customer service standard, and an employee performance metric that was created by external factors, not biased internal performance ratings. The owner was impressed with the new system and began to reward employees with free lunches, new tools, use of company vehicles (which helped with advertising), paid time off, and other tokens of his appreciation for a job well done.

Adolescent Girls :: essays research papers

This study examined the perceived role of three types of sociocultural agents (peers, parents, and media) in influencing body dissatisfaction and dietary restraint in adolescent girls. Participants were 577 grade 10 girls from six schools who completed questionnaires in class and had height and weight measured. Two path analyses resulted in a similar pattern. While current body size strongly predicted ideal body size and body dissatisfaction, perceived influence of multiple sociocultural agents regarding thinness also had a direct relationship with body ideal and dissatisfaction. Dietary restraint was predicted directly from body dissatisfaction and sociocultural influences. Peers, parents, and media varied in their perceived influence. The findings support the idea that those girls who show the most body dissatisfaction and dietary restraint live in a subculture supporting a thin ideal and encouraging dieting. Body concerns and/or dieting behaviors are reported by mast adolescent girls (Paxton et at, 1991; Wadden, Forster, Stunkard, & Linowitz, 1989; Wertheim, Paxton, Maude, Gibbons, Szmulker, & Hillier, 1992). Although body concerns may lead to healthy eating choices and exercise in some girls, many others diet despite already being a healthy weight or report using unhealthy methods such as fasting or vomiting (Paxton et al., 1991; Wadden et al., 1989; Wertheim et al., 1992). These latter behaviors are of concern since longitudinal studies suggest that dieting in adolescence is a risk factor for the development of eating disorder symptoms (Killen et al., 1994; Leon, Fulkerson, Perry, & Early-Zaid, 1995; Patton, Johnson-Sabine, Wood, Mann, & Wakeling, 1990). Most theories of dieting, body image, and eating disorders assign a major role to sociocultural factors (Levine & Smolak, 1992; Stice, 1994), such as the media. There has been a trend in the media, over several decades, for smaller ideal female body size despite increases in the actual body size of young women (O'Dea, 1995). These findings have led to the idea that body dissatisfaction results from the discrepancy between a female's actual body size and an ideal size strongly influenced by images in the media. Indeed, larger girls (those farthest from media ideals) report more dieting and body dissatisfaction, and many normal-weight girls also diet and report dissatisfaction (Huon, 1994; Patton et al., 1990; Paxton et al., 1991; Wadden et al.

The Water Wars In Central Asia Environmental Sciences Essay

â€Å" Water promises to be to the twenty-first century what oil was to the twentieth century: the cherished trade good that determines the wealth of states † . The 20th century governed states with the kernel of industry – rough oil. Even today it is the focal point of international struggle, ordering a states ability to map in both planetary political relations and the planetary economic system. The 21st century promises to regulate states with the kernel of life – clean H2O. Driven by fickle conditions forms, intensive irrigation, and population force per unit areas, H2O is increasingly going a scarce trade good and is developing into a accelerator of international instability and struggle. An illustration of H2O ‘s ability to impact an country in the 21st century can be found in the Central Asian States, and the dehydration of the Aral Sea. The enlargement of irrigated agricultural land area and hydroelectric power, determined to be the root causes of the Aral Sea catastrophe, have continued due to miss of collaborative action by the freshly independent provinces of the part. The Amu Darya and the Syr Darya supply fresh water to the upstream provinces of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Southeastern Kazakhstan, and the downstream states Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Southwestern Kazakhstan. These states are going progressively competitory over H2O in the part, go forthing the dehydration of natural formations like the Aral Sea as an acceptable cost. The competition over H2O comes from the H2O intensive cotton harvest, which dominates the agribusiness in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Southwestern Kazakhstan. Cotton provides a important foreign currency earn er for the part and is a major supplier of employment, but demands big sums of H2O from the part, which the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers struggle to supply. The indiscriminate usage of H2O to fuel cotton production has been in pattern since the early 1960 ‘s and is doing terrible environmental jobs, such as the drying of the Aral Sea, clime alteration, H2O and dirt salt, and H2O, dirt and air pollution. Increasing poverty, quickly turning populations, and the pattern of â€Å" economic patriotism † alternatively of regional cooperation by the autocratic governments of part, are the ingredients for future tenseness, societal instability, and possible struggle in Central Asia. These developments will be interpreted in a political economic system model, going from the Soviet ‘s forced cotton production, which is analyzed in the 2nd subdivision of this paper. Water is an progressively scarce resource in the part that is under force per unit area stemming from economic involvements, such as hydroelectric coevals and agricultural production. The environmental involvements of biodiversity, bettering supports of the part ‘s population and the resurgence of the Aral Sea are underrepresented and hence unheard. The environmental debasement of the Aral Sea is examined in greater item in the 3rd subdivision of this paper. The dehydration of the Aral Sea has far making effects in the part, impacting the clime and biodiversity. Desert air currents can transport 1000000s of dozenss of contaminated sand and salt from the country that was one time the Aral Sea, and lodge them on agricultural land all over the part. The effects of these polluted sand and salt sedimentations are farther amplified by the hapless drainage systems and the eventful H2O logging, that have caused dirt salt to go an increasing environmental job. Rising salt degrees have cause the ecology of the part to degrade to the point where many countries are going inhospitable, due to the barbarous downward spiral fueled by poorness and environmental debasement. The concluding subdivision critics the institutional model behind the H2O direction of the part. Foregrounding the displacement from a centrally run allotment of H2O by the Ministries of Land Reclamation and Water Resources ( Minvodkhoz ) located in Moscow to more regionally located signifiers of H2O direction, following the prostration of the Soviet Union. Since so it has become imperative that upstream states like Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Southeastern Kazakhstan jointly allocate H2O resources with downstream states like Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Southwestern Kazakhstan. New establishments have been created to supervise this procedure as each twelvemonth, at the presidential degree ; understandings are negotiated to stipulate the sum of H2O allocated to each state. There has been small alteration at the micro-level except in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, where Water Users ‘ Associations ( WUA ) have been established. In both Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, both major consumer s of H2O, the cardinal allotment and direction of H2O is still practiced in the absence of local reforms. The â€Å" usage it or lose it † rule, the result of the Soviet ‘s centrally planned H2O allotment patterns, are still in pattern due to the deficiency of countenances forestalling the abuse or inducements advancing the preservation of H2O. The continued ingestion of H2O at current degrees, coupled with the low efficiency ratios soon practiced, will take to increased degrees of dirt salt and the farther irreversible debasement of the Aral Sea basin. In a divided Central Asia stricken with a deteriorating environment, the scarceness of H2O has lead to increased tensenesss and may, given clip, lead to serious struggle. Many in the part believe that entree to H2O is â€Å" God-Given, † which contributes to the local authorities ‘s deficiency of concrete action against the current scarceness confronting the part, that is itself semisynthetic. Merely reduced and more efficient ingestion of H2O in Aral Sea basin supervised by efficient micro and macro-organizations, coupled with interregional cooperation, would be able to come on the part to a sustainable hereafter.The Soviet ‘s Management of WaterThe former Soviet Central Asia consists of chiefly steppes and comeuppances. This environment had traditionally limited the development of colonies and the attach toing agribusiness to oases, fed by rivers or belowground reservoirs known as aquifers. Soviet regulation changed all this, with forced collectivisation. Much of the traditional methods of sustainable cropping forms were forcibly altered to large-scale individual harvest methods that required a H2O direction substructure composed of surface irrigation systems. Regions like the Fergana Valley that were irrigated and specialized in cotton as a hard currency harvest, had a considerable comparative advantage over countries non bring forthing â€Å" white gold † . In the early 1960 ‘s Moscow took notice of this comparative advantage and began to make a quasi-monoculture, turning Cardinal Asia into a natural stuffs manufacturer for the fabric industries of the more cardinal Soviet Union. Cotton rapidly became the life-bread of the outer agriculturally based Soviet democracies, an indispensable trade good in their political economic systems. This patterned advance is illustrated by the province of Uzbekistan, which became one the largest cotton bring forthing states in the universe. The success or failure of cotton began to order the destiny of political elites in the Soviet Socialistic Republics ( SSRs ) , which lead to extended corruptness such as the over and underreporting of cotton production and the forced organisation of labou r to optimise cotton production. These corrupt patterns shortly became basiss of Uzbek, Tajik, and Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republics ‘ economic systems and the agricultural industry of the part. As the production of cotton in the Central Asiatic part increased quickly, the demand for H2O became despairing, due to the clime ‘s agricultural inhospitality and demand for irrigation. Water, at the clip, seemed copiously supplied by the Amu Darya and Syr Darya and lead to the building of great canals like the KaraKum canal, stretching more than 1,100 kilometer from the Amu Darya to Turkmenistan. The cragged countries of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan are the get downing point for both rivers, which are mostly consumed by the agriculturally demanding countries of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. This division between upstream and downstream states and the resulting differential entree is one of the chief causes of tenseness refering H2O use in the part. The moneymaking enlargement of cotton land area, best illustrated by Uzbekistan, created a quickly increasing demand for agricultural irrigation, and began deviating mass measures of H2O to provide it. In Uzbekistan cotton ‘s enlargement was unprecedented, spread outing from an end product of 441,600 hectares in 1913, to 1,022,600 sunburns in 1940, to 1,427,900 sunburns in 1960, to every bit much as 2,103,000 sunburns in 1987. In Uzbekistan cotton became known as â€Å" King Cotton † , providing a antecedently bare state with an unprecedented hard currency harvest and provided employment to the bulk of its citizens. The Uzbek ‘s flourishing cotton industry had one fatal defect: it relied wholly on the handiness of H2O, in a part missing abundant H2O. The efficiency of H2O use was minimum due to a hapless substructure trusting on unlined and exposed canals, where escape is highly high, with the bulk of H2O either evaporating or oozing into the land. These inefficient H2O direction patterns lead to a diminishing sum of H2O really making the Aral Sea, and by the 1960 ‘s the sum of H2O making the Aral Sea began to dunk below the 50 kmA? to keep the sea degree at the clip. In the 30 old ages that followed ( 1960-1990 ) , the Aral Sea shank to merely half its original surface country. By the twelvemonth 2007 the Aral Sea had shrunk to merely ten per centum of its original size. The lay waste toing toll on the environment caused by the irresponsible, regulated, and irreguardless ingestion of H2O in the part, at this point can non be reversed, and has threatened to do the full part inhospitable due to the salinization of its dirt. Interestingly plenty the drying out of the Aral Sea did non halt or even decelerate during the decennary of passage from Soviet regulation. The freshly independent states were concerned with their ain single wellbeing, with a focal point on the employment and foreign currency cotton production brought, instead than that of the part as a whole. The states of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, were trapped politically to maintain cotton production changeless even when spread outing the production of other harvests. This was due to cotton ‘s incontestable value in the states ‘ economic systems, disenabling policy shapers from traveling to more sustainable resource direction even if they wanted to. The agricultural demand for H2O by the downstream states and the hydroelectric demand by upstream states, over the last 10 old ages, have non been contained. Agricultural H2O usage has remained more or less the same, even with a displacement to more diverse and sustainable harvests. Overall cropping forms for the Central Asiatic part was 40 % cotton and 7 % wheat in 1990, which shifted to 35 % cotton and 30 % wheat by 2000. This displacement resulted in no bead in H2O ingestion, even though wheat is a less water-intense harvest. This is due to the parts deficiency of efficient H2O conveyance substructure and H2O direction, show by the remarkably high demand for H2O, in comparing to other cotton bring forthing states. The deficiency of authorities financess to better substructure and educate citizens about efficient H2O direction could be blamed, but in all world the demand for a revival of self-sustainable agriculture patterns in the part is what is truly needed.Management & A ; Refo rmsAfter the prostration of the Soviet Union, the centralized and regionally focussed H2O direction tactics antecedently practiced were abandoned. New national and regional organisations were formed during the passage period after 1991. An understanding was reached during February of 1992 to organize the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination ( ICWC ) , comprised of the five freshly independent Central Asian states. This organisation was responsible for H2O allotment in the Aral Sea basin, but lacked the foresight to turn to jobs like H2O quality, salt, and the authorization to efficaciously pull off possible struggle state of affairss that could happen. In March of 1993 a subsequent understanding established organisations like the Interstate Council on the Aral Sea ( ICAS ) , moving as an consultative commission for the five provinces of the part. This lead to the formation of the International Fund for the Aral Sea ( IFAS ) in order to fund the assorted activities of ICAS, f ollowed by the constitution of a Sustainable Development Commission, concentrating on protecting the environment of the part and socioeconomic development. ICAS and IFAS were shortly merged to organize a new IFAS empowered by a board of deputy curates, giving the organisation comparatively more power. At the basin degree of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya, H2O direction was delegated to single Water Basin Associations or Basseynoe Vodnoe Ob'edinenie ( BVOs ) . These organisations oversaw the H2O direction of basins that affected five freshly independent provinces, including the communicating substructure, pumping systems, canals, power supply, and distribution systems from the several rivers beginning to its basin on the Aral Sea. These BVOs did non nevertheless control drainage, as this duty fell to the national H2O governments. Dispite the bureaucratic muss that the complexnesss and sheer figure of bureaus that were created to cover with H2O direction in the part, organisations like the BVOs lacked the support of international jurisprudence, intending that understandings and resource direction put for the by these organisations could be ignored with no effect. This deficiency of authorization is farther illustrated by the absent acknowledgment by province legislative assemblies and the support duties, proportionate to H2O allotment portions, which merely two of five states on a regular basis complied with. The deficit of support besides hampered the ability of BVOs and similar organisations to map and even keep the basic substructure that they were founded to set up. Originally IFAS was to be financed yearly by allotments of one per centum of the five member states Gross National Product, this figure was reduced to 0.3 % for Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan, and to 0.1 % for Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. These decreases in budget allotments were farther impeded by late payments and the deficiency of payment wholly, as some provinces concluded that the financess allocated for IFAS would be better utilized within their ain boundary lines. This meant that organisations like IFAS could non number on regular parts to fund direct operationa l costs or to fund larger substructure care, fix, and betterment doing the bing H2O direction construction to farther deteriorate.

Discuss how society viewed the ideas of love and marriage in the early 1800’s Essay

Jane Austen was born in 1775 and spent most of her life in the countryside in a village called Steventon, Hampshire. She was the daughter of a clergyman, Reverend George Austen and her mother was called Cassandra Austen. She had a brief education starting at the age of seven and ending at eleven, when she settled at home. Like women in Austen’s society, she had little education due to the beliefs at the time; the only education she would have received would likely have been to up her social status, through marriage. She wrote â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† to portray society’s views of love and marriage to the reader and to shoe that marriages take place for different reasons. We see throughout the novel the excessive number of marriages and courtships that take place. The opening sentence â€Å"It’s a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in the possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife† introduces the theme of love, marriage and money in an ironic way. The irony is contained in the fact that marriage is meant to be about love and happiness but clearly revolves around wealth and social standing. In the novel we see two established marriages take place; The Bennet’s and the Gardiner’s. Throughout the novel four other marriages take place; Lydia and Mr Wickham, Charlotte Lucas and Mr Collins, Elizabeth and Darcy and Jane and Mr Bingley. The marriage between Mr Collins and Charlotte Lucas is purely based on financial and social security not love or appearance, It was extremely common fro women in Austens era to marry and save themselves from spinsterhood and social security and to gain, the above mentioned, financial and social security. In this type of marriage Austen illustrates that women who submit themselves are largely willing to suffer emotional distress in silence. â€Å"†¦ Mr Collins to be sure neither sensible nor agreeable; his society was irksome and his attachment to her must be imaginary. But still he would be a husband†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This reflects the social beliefs of, at least, the middle classes at the time. Evidently all that Charlotte wants out of life is a comfortable home and enough wealth to sustain this. † I’m not a romantic girl you know. I never was, I only ask for a comfortable home †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The use of the word â€Å"only† emphasises the fact that Charlotte wants this and nothing else. The consequences of her not marring well would be to severely limit her options i.e. she would have to become a governess or an old maid for a wealthy couple, but this would not support her once she had reached an age at which, she could no longer work. When Charlotte Married Mr Collins she seemed happy in their relationship, even though its not based on love :- she has all that she wants out of marriage. She does however ignore her husbands silliness and does not have any bad words to say about him. † When Mr Collins said anything of which his wife might reasonably, which certainly was not unseldom†¦ once of twice she could discern a faint blush; but in general Charlotte wisely did not hear†. From this we gather that the orthodoxy of society has been embedded in her behaviour. She possibly perceives that she is happy because society deems that now she is married she should be happy. The marriage of Mr and Mrs Bennet was a stereotypical marriage of the time. The marriage was based on initial beauty and physical attraction plus the fact that they where matched financially. The family life, was also typical of the 1800’s, they had five daughters, and Mrs Bennets aim in life was to marry her daughters of in as quick a time as possible, this compares with Charlottes views of marriage as a step up the social ladder. â€Å"†¦A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!† Showing that she is considering the monetary aspects of a possible marriage. â€Å"†¦It is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes† Mrs Bennet mentions fleetingly but without conviction, she is mostly interested in trying to marry of at least one of her 5 daughters. Mr Bennet however constantly mocks his wife. We are made aware of this in their first dialogue † Do you not want to know who has taken it?† cried his wife impatiently. † You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hear it†. This is a perfect example of Mr Bennets sarcasm and unconcerned attitude towards his wife and their family affairs. Mr Bennet is the complete opposite to Mrs Bennet in the way in which he thinks, about the new gentleman in town for example † How so? How can it affect them?† Mrs Bennet is immensely annoyed by this but does not possess enough wit to retort. For Mr Bennet this mockery of his wife seems his way of dealing with being stuck in a loveless marriage. In Jane’s era divorce was not an option, people had no choice, they were devoted to that one person fro life. The Bennet’s estate is entitled to the nearest male heir which, was common practice at the time, leading to very limited options for the daughters in the family. The marriage between Lydia and Mr Wickham was mainly for desire and attraction even though they were not financially matched. This itself was frowned upon by society and exacerbated by the fact that their courtship was very short, unorthodox and kept a secret. Marriage of their type shows the results of not following society’s rules. Society viewed this as dishonesty and because of this their reputation would be severely tarnished. â€Å"That the loss of virtue in a female is irretrievable†¦ and that she cannot be too much guarded in her behaviour towards the understanding of the other sex†. Lydia’s damaged reputation would also affect her families reputation, unless they disown her. † she has no money, no connection, nothing that can tempt him she is lost forever†. The word no emphasises the fact that she has absolutely nothing and no-one. For Wickham, on the other hand, the slight on his reputation is less so, although still noticeable; â€Å"†¦ She was a surprise- all astonishment that Wickham should marry a girl whom it was impossible he could marry for money; and how Lydia could ever have attached him, had appeared incomprehensible†. Here we see that what would have been scorn when aimed a Lydia is mere surprise when directed at Wickham, this is due to the fact that in Jane Austens era the gentleman naturally had a higher social standing; just because of their sex. The Gardiner’s, along with the Bennet’s are the established marriages of the novel; but unlike the Bennet’s the Gardiner’s are a sensible, lively and intelligent couple who love each other and work well together. They always agree † in talking over their route the evening before, Mrs Gardiner expressed an inclination to see the place again. Mr Gardiner declared his willingness†. Jane Austen here is being an omniscient narrator . The Gardiner’s are in a harmonious relationship, a marriage that creates a positive image towards its readers. They are described as a † sensible-gentle like man† and an â€Å"amiable intelligent women† who are encouraging role models fro the Bennet children due to the poor quality of Mr and Mrs Bennet’s marriage. As we can see this is an example of one of the rare happy marriage of the time. In general people strove towards this, but most did not find it due to the fact that society dictated that once married you were in love. Jane and Mr Bingley engage in a courtship that occupies the central place in the novel. They first meet at Meryton and enjoy an immediate mutual attraction. They are spoken of as potential couple throughout the book, long before anyone imagines Darcy and Elizabeth might marry. Their marriage was one for physical attraction and love, Jane is the most handsome of the five Bennet daughters who looked for a man who is sensible, humorous and lively. † Is he married or single?† this shows an automatic interest in young wealthy men. Women in the early 1800’s married mainly for wealth and social status however this marriage illustrates that that is not always the case. Bingley’ love for Jane is strengthened by her beauty and the love between is equal. Jane’s idea of marriage is to find someone who loves her and respects her as much as she does him. The marriage between Jane and Mr Bingley set ‘s a standard for the rest of the Bennet daughters, † It was moreover, such a promising thing for her younger daughters, as Jane’s marrying so greatly must throw them in the way of rich men†. Here their marriage is reflecting society’s views of love and marriage as if a member of the family is married into a family of a higher status, then the rest of the daughters would be regarded as more eligible to be associated with higher status, wealthy, respectable men. The word greatly show that Mrs Bennet believes that Jane had chosen accurately and it displays society’s beliefs as to what constituted a very good match for Jane. Elizabeth is an intelligent and spirited women who passes a keen wit and enjoys studying people’s characters; on the other hand Fitzwilliam Darcy is a wealthy, proud man with a generous, thoughtful nature beneath his somewhat stiff demeanour. Elizabeth’s pride makes her misjudge Darcy on the basis of poor social standing blinds him, for a time, to her many virtues. Darcy and Elizabeth’s realization of a mutual and tender love seems to imply that Austin views love as something independent of these social forces, as something that can be captured if only an individual is able to escape the warping effects of hierarchical society. † In vain have I struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you†. Here he speaks well however, there are other feelings besides those of the heart to be detailed. The narrator relates Elizabeth’s point of view of events more often then Darcy’s, so Elizabeth often seems a more sympathetic figure. The reader eventually realises however, that Darcy is her ideal match. Intelligent and forthright, he too has a tendency to judge too hastily and harshly, and his high birth and wealth make him overly proud and overly conscious of his social status. When he proposes to her, for instance, he dwells more on how unsuitable a match she is than on her charms, beauty, or anything else complimentary, â€Å"not handsome enough†. Here Darcy is reflecting society’s views of love and marriage because many people married for higher social status and financial status rather than for love and beauty. Pride and prejudice is a love story but does not reflect the romantic side. It gives the reader a sense of all the different kinds of relationships, none of them are the same. It shows that the ideal couple is difficult to find, the established marriages in the book being The Bennet’s and the Gardiner’s.

Difference Between Italian essays

Difference Between Italian essays Difference Between Italian And French Baroque Architecture Baroque is the name given to the art of the 17th century. But the baroque style, like all other styles in the history of art, began gradually. It started in the latter part of the 16th century and continued to be used well into the 18th century. Baroque can be defied as the florid, ornate style characterizing fine arts in Europe from the middle 16th to middle 18th centuries. The main characteristic of the baroque architecture is movement. Architects wanted their buildings to be exciting and to give the impression of activity. They did this by making dramatic contrasts of light and shadow and by using curved shapes. The Renaissance enthusiasm for antiquity led the architects to adhere to the rules of classic architecture as far as they were understood. The baroque style flouted these laws. By mid-century the carefully controlled and subtly refined Classical Baroque trend was clearly established. In France, its pre-eminent position was never seriously challenged. French Baroque architecture was more restrained in its expression than its Italian counterpart. The most common and remembered details that made the two styles different were its culture, economy, religion, government, and economics. These can make one style very different from the other, but there were also other reasons why. Italians were the first to come up with Baroque architecture, they became very interested in the surroundings of their buildings. They placed elaborate gardens around places. They set off important buildings in the cities by open squares decorated with fountains or colonnades. Roads leading from the squares giving a dramatic view of stairways, sculpture, or other buildings far in the distance. These were some of the things the Italians thought up when they first started up this new style, so when the french took in the Italians ideas, they surly changed them in ...

Leadership Theories Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Theories - Article Example orting leadership style for employees that are unmotivated but skilled, and observing leadership style for employees that are skilled as well as motivated. Wharton Professor Robert House developed the path-goal theory of leadership (Basu, 2014). According to this leadership theory, leadership style impacts employees’ performance and job satisfaction. Successful leaders establish goals and lay out clear path in front of employees so that they may be able to achieve their goals. Leaders also play a role in clearing obstacles and providing employees with incentives for milestone achievement. Leaders should support employees to improve their confidence, instruct them on ambiguous tasks, and demand from them when they look unmotivated. This requires constant and frequent interaction between the leader and followers so that employees may be included in the decision-making process also. The fundamental concept on which the path-goal theory is based is the way rewards are used by the leaders to motivate the workforce. It is the situation that depicts the type of rewards which would suit. The situational model of leadership is more elaborative in offering suggestions regarding the ways in which leaders should change their style as per the demands of the different situations. In order to be effective as leaders, leaders should first prioritize their tasks, then they should evaluate the motivation and skill of employees, and then the leaders should decide which style of leadership to adopt on the basis of the information collected in the first two steps. Leaders might also need to use different styles in combination to deal with the different organizational personnel. On the other hand, the path-goal theory suggests leaders to identify the skills of employees before assigning them responsibilities, and convince them that they are capable enough to perform the assigned tasks successfully. Successful employees should be rewarded for their good performance. There are

Palliative Care for Urinary Tract Infections in Elderly Patients Essay

Palliative Care for Urinary Tract Infections in Elderly Patients - Essay Example By an extension, the principles of a model of medical reflection also provide a cyclical model which will enable me to reflect upon this problem and subsequently examine my nursing practice as a founding point for further development and improvement in the nursing profession. Description In this paper I will be reflecting on an experience with a patient who was suffering from urinary tract infection, dehydration and dementia, whom I encountered during my community placement. This patient was suffering from Urinary tract infection and dehydration and had been transferred to the ward from Emergency Medical Unit (EMU). The patient was also suffering from dementia and during the handover it was mentioned that she could be both verbally and physically aggressive. It was also handed over that she had intravenous (IV) fluids prescribed and needed a cannula insertion as she had removed the one previously in place. This involved a patient who will be referred to as Mrs P, in order to maintain confidentiality and anonymity (NMC 2008). Mrs P was an elderly 79-year old woman who was suffering from dehydration and urinary tract infection. Mrs P had also been diagnosed with dementia, and was reported as being aggressive both physically and verbally. Feelings Initially when we opted to insert the cannula into the patient initially she agreed to our intentions only to turn aggressive and unmanageable, later my mentor advised the matron to insert the cannula, which she did though without the patient’s consent, as the patient shouted and almost made the whole process impossible. I was disturbed by these two related events, first, the patient’s aggressiveness and two, our forceful way to inserting the cannula into the patient. Thus these situations brought in me a need to find out more about the patient and their condition, and the consequences of the matron’s decision. When I met the patient I felt sympathetic towards her and her insistence to refusing the c annula insertion given her general condition. A mixture of thoughts crossed my mind, although I could understand why she did not want to undergo the process, but this thought was not conclusive for me as a medical student. On reflection it seemed a positive experience as it allowed me to see how people cope differently with medical conditions, and the impact it has on the patient and the entire therapeutic process. Evaluation During this experience I thought that the nursing team had built a good professional relationship with the patient and therapeutic process. The patient had plenty of time to discuss any concerns or issues that she had and any of her reasons for refusal the cannula insertion. In my mind, I had theorized that the issues that had been discussed or ought to be discussed included issues such as symptom management; how the patient is feeling is important and needs to be taken into consideration. This would also need to be discussed with her partner alone, to find out how she is feeling and to find the best medical alternative for her treatment. This is why the Visual Analogue Scale could have been helpful for monitoring the progression of the patient’s condition (Crichton 2001). Since I have used the tool before, I find it to be beneficial for effective monitoring of patient’s condition because it was a good indicator as to when we would need to adjust her analgesia using the World Health Organization (WHO)Â  analgesic ladder (WHO, 2005).